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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hyperopia (refractive error) |
eye too short for refractive power of cornea and lens--> light focused behind retina (farsightedness) |
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Myopia (refractive error) |
eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens-->light focused in front of retina (nearsightedness) |
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Astigmatism (refractive error) |
abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes |
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Presbyopia (refractive error) |
decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and decreased elasticity (reading glasses) |
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Uveitis |
inflammation of anterior uvea and iris, w/ hypopyon (sterile pus), accompanied by conjunctival redness; often associated w/ systemic inflammatory disorders (e.g., sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, TB, etc.) |
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Retinitis |
retinal edema and necrosis leading to scar; often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV); associated w/ immunosuppression |
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Central retinal artery occlusion |
acute, painless monocular vision loss; retina cloudy w/ attenuated vessels and "cherry-red" spot at fovea |
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Retinal vein occlusion |
blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis; retinal hemorrhage and edema in affected area |
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Diabetic retinopathy |
retinal damage due to chronic hyperglycemia: Non-proliferative---damaged capillaries leak blood-->lipids and fluid seep into retina-->hemorrhages and macular edema; treatment: blood sugar control, macular laser Proliferative---chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation w/ resultant traction on retina; treatment: peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections |
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Glaucoma |
optic disc atrophy w/ characteristic cupping, usually w/ increased intraocular pressure and progressive visual field loss |
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Open angle glaucoma |
associated w/ increased age, AA race, family history; painless Primary--cause unclear Secondary--blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs (e.g., uveitis), RBCs (e.g., vitreous hemorrhage), retinal elements (e.g., retinal detachment) |
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Closed/narrow angle glaucoma Primary |
enlargement or forward movement of lens against central iris leads to obstruction of normal aqueous flow through pupil-->fluid builds up behind iris against cornea and impeding flow through trabecular meshwork |
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Closed/narrow angle glaucoma Secondary |
hypoxia from retinal disease (e.g., diabetes, vein occlusion) induces a vasoproliferation in iris that contracts angle |
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Closed/narrow angle glaucoma Chronic closure |
often asymptomatic w/ damage to optic nerve and peripheral vision |
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Closed/narrow angle glaucoma Acute closure |
true opthalmic emergency; increased IOP pushes iris forward-->angle closes abruptly very painful, sudden vision loss, halos around lights, rock-hard eye, frontal headache do not give epinephrine b/c of its mydriatic effect |
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cataract |
painless, often bilateral, opacification of lens --> decrease in vision risk factors: increased age, smoking, alcohol, excessive sunlight, prolonged corticosteroid use, diabetes, trauma, infection |
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Papilledema |
optic disc swelling (usually bilateral) due to increased ICP (e.g., secondary to mass effect); enlarged blind spot and elevated optic disc w/ blurred margins seen on fundoscopic exam |
