Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
vvvvvvvvvvCOmunication |
is a social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment |
|
|
Three basic communication models |
1. linear model- one way view of communication that assumes a message is sent by a source to a receiver through a channel Ex. general office email from supervisor
2. interactional model- view of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver. Ex a boxer being interviewed.
3. transactional model- view of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages. Ex. a classroom giving feedback in a lecture. |
|
|
How ethics affects communication |
because ethics examines the perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior |
|
|
Why is it good to understand communication theory? |
1. Cultivates critical thinking skills 2. Helps you to recognize the breadth and depth of research 3. Helps to make sense of personal life experiences 4. fosters self awareness
|
|
|
The seven traditions in the communication field |
1. rhetorical- talk is a practical art Ex. a president speech 2. semiotic- rethinking what is natural. EX- signs (something that stands for something else) 3. phenomenological- experiencing otherness (system of beliefs does not influence dialogue) 4. cybernetic- study of information processing 5. socio-psychological: casual linking (what causes people to act a certain way) 6. socio- cultural: from another's view (social cultural patterns) 7. critical: advocating fairness (promoting change/ to criticize) |
|
|
the seven contexts of communication |
1. intrapersonal- communication with oneself 2. interpersonal- face to face communication 3. small group- communication with a group of people 4. organizational - communication within and among large and extended environments 5. public/rhetorical- communication to a large group of listeners (audience) 6. mass/media- communication to a very large audience through mediated forms 7. cultural- communication between and among members of different cultures |
|
|
definition of a theory |
an abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand phenomenon |
|
|
Implicit theories |
1. puzzle over questions encountered through observations and seek answers.
2. set up certain criteria that define what an acceptable answer might be pg 46 |
|
|
three major approaches to knowing |
1. The positivistic (empirical) approach- an approach assuming the existence of objective reality and value-neutral research (EXPLANATION OF THE WORLD) (SEPARATE) (TO GENERALIZE ABOUT MANY LIKE CASES)
2. The interpretive approach- an approach viewing truth as subjective and stressing the participation of the researcher in the research process (PROBE THE RELATIVISM OF THE WORLD) (INVOLVED) (TO ILLUMINATE THE INDIVIDUAL CASE)
3. Critical approach- an approach stressing the researchers responsibility to change the inequities in the status quo (CHANGE THE WORLD) (INVOLVED) (TO CRITIQUE A SPECIFIC SET OF CASES)
|
|
|
symbolic interaction theory |
The theory centers on the relationship between symbols (or verbal and nonverbal codes) and interactions between people using these the symbols.
*People do not respond to stimuli directly but, rather to symbolic representations of stimuli, negotiated through interactions with others. |
|
|
three major approaches to theory building |
1. covering law- (common general law that governs behavior) 2. rules- we do things to achieve goals 3. systems- free will is constricted by the system in which people operate. Ex: we are in a classroom, that affects our behavior |
|
|
the assumptions behind symbolic interaction theory |
1. Humans act toward others on the basis of the meanings those others have for them.
2. Meaning is created in interaction between people.
3. Meaning is modified through interpretive process
4. Individuals develop self-concepts through interaction with others 5. Self-concepts provide an important motive for behavior
6. People and groups are influenced by cultural and social processes
7. Social structure is worked out through social interaction |
|
|
the key concepts of sit: mind, roles, self and society |
1.Mind- the ability to use symbols that have common social meanings. Humans must develop mind through interaction with others. cont. p.81
2. role taking- the ability to symbolically place oneself in an imagined self of another person.
3. self- the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others. Self develops from a particular kind of role taking- imagining how we look to another person
4. society- the web of social relationships humans create and respond to |
|
|
Coordinated Management of Meaning |
refers to how individuals establish rules for creating and interpreting meaning and how those rules are enmeshed in a conversation where meaning is constantly being coordinated. |
|
|
Assumptions behind coordinated management of meaning |
*Human beings, therefore are capable of creating and interpreting meaning
1. Human beings live in communication.
2.Human beings co-create a social reality.
3. Information transactions depend on personal and interpersonal meaning. |
|
|
Scripted responses |
"We have a life script" EX: any kind of communication with -fam -spouse -coworker -etc... |
|
|
Hierarchy of organized meaning |
1. content- the conversion of raw data into meaning.
2. speech act- action we perform by speaking (e.g, questioning, complimenting, or threatening)
3. episodes-communication routines that have recognized beginnings, middles and endings
4. relationship- agreement and understanding between two people
5. clusters of past or present episodes that create a system of manageable meanings with others
6. cultural patterns- images of the world and a person's relationship to it |
|
|
The rules we use to manage and coordinate |
Individuals manage and coordinate through the use of rules 1. Constitutive rules- organize behavior and help us understand how meaning should be interpreted EX- how far apart we stand to each other 2. Regulative rules- provide guidelines for the sequence of action or behavior that follows Rules are not always agreed upon both persons EX. we take turns |
|
|
Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
a theory that argues that dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling that motivates people to take steps to reduce it.
*cognitive dissonance is said to be a state of psychological discomfort or tension which motivates efforts to achieve consonance. |
|
|
Assumptions behind cognitive dissonance theory |
1. Human beings desire consistency in their beliefs, attitudes and behaviors
2. Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies
3. Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects.
4. Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance and efforts toward dissonance reduction |
|
|
Dissonance ratio |
a factor in determining magnitude of dissonance; the amount of consonant relative to the dissonant ones |
|
|
The role of cognitive dissonance in persuasion |
* |
|
|
Expectancy Violations Theory |
suggests that people hold expectations about the nonverbal behavior of others.
*is a theory that addresses how people respond to unexpected communication |
|
|
Assumptions behind expectancy violations theory |
1. Expectancies drive human interaction
2. Expectancies for human behavior are learned
3. People make predictions about nonverbal behavior |
|
|
The threat threshhold |
the distance at which an interactant experiences physical and phychological discomfort by the presence of another. pg. 134 |
|
|
Uncertainty Reduction Theory |
How communication is used to reduce uncertainties between strangers engaging in their first conversation together. |
|
|
Assumptions behind uncertainty reduction theory
|
1. People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings and it generates cognitive stress
2. When strangers meet, their primary concern is to reduce their uncertainty and increase predictability
3. Interpersonal communication is a developmental process that occurs through stages, and is the primary means of uncertainty reduction
4. The quantity of and nature of information that people share change through time
5. Is it possible to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion. |
|
|
Strategies and tactics to reduce uncertainty |
1. passive- individual assumes the role of unobtrusive observer of another. 2. active- exist when an observer engages in some type of effort other than direct contact to find out about another person. 3.interactive- occur when the observer and the other person engage in direct contact or face to face interaction. |
|
|
Social Exchange Theory |
is based on the notion that people think about their relationships in economic terms. People tally up the costs of being in a relationship and compare them to the rewards that are offered by being in that relationship. |
|
|
Assumptions behind social exchange theory |
*The assumptions that SIT makes about human nature include the following:
1.Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments.
2. Humans are rational beings
3. The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person
*The assumptions Social Exchange Theory makes about the nature of relationships include:
1. Relationships are independent
2. Relational life is a process |
|
|
Costs and rewards in a relationship |
costs- elements of relational life with negative value (time, effort one has to put into maintaining a relationship or the negatives one has to put up with in their partner)
rewards- elements of relational life with positive value |
|
|
Exchange patterns and structures |
* |
|
|
Social Penetration Theory |
Social penetration- process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate. pg.181
|
|
|
Assumptions behind social penetration theory |
1. Relationships progress from non intimate to intimate.
2. Relational development is generally systematic and predictable
3. Relational development includes depenetration and dissolution
4. Self-disclosure is at the core of relationship development |
|
|
Self disclosure and the questions we ask ourselves about it |
*self disclosure is the primary way that superficial relationships progress to intimate relationships. Although self- disclosure can lead to more intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable.
Questions:
1. Is the other person important to you?
2. In the risk of disclosing reasonable?
3. Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate?
4. Is the disclosure relevant to the situation at hand? 5. Is the disclosure reciprocated?
6. Will the effect be constructive?
7. Are cultural misunderstandings possible? |
|
|
Social penetration stages |
1. Orientation-revealing bits to ourselves and others
2. Exploratory Affective Exchange- Emergence of an individuals personality
3. Affective Exchange- spontaneous communication; use of personal idioms
4. Stable exchange- efficent communication; establishment of a personal system of communication |
|
|
Relational Dialectics Theory |
Maintains that relational life is characterized by ongoing tensions between contradictory impulses. |
|
|
Assumptions behind relational dialectics theory |
1. Relationships are not linear
2. Relational life is characterized by change.
3. Contradiciton is the fundamental fact of relational life
4. Communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions |
|
|
The primary strategies for managing the dialectics |
* |
|
|
Communication Privacy Management Theory |
A practical theory designed to explain the "everyday" issues. g217 |
|
|
Assumptions behind communication privacy management theory |
1. Humans are choice makers
2. Humans are rule makers and rule followers
3. Humans' choices and rules are based on a consideration of others as well as the self.
|
|
|
The five basic principles of privacy management |
1. Ownership: people believe they own the information about themselves
2. Control: People develop boundaries to control their personal information
3. Rules: People share and withhold information based on a system of rules
4. Co-Ownership: Others become co-owners of people's private information based on the rules about linkage, permeability and ownership.
5. Turbulence: When rules are not followed and mistakes are made, turbulence results. |
|
|
Boundary coordination |
one of the processes in the privacy rule management system; describes how we manage private information that is co-owned |
|
|
Social Information Processing |
The development of online relationships....
The possibility of developing and cultivating online relationships is not only probable, it occurs with high degrees of success and relationship satisfaction. |
|
|
Assumptions behind social information processing. |
1. Computer- mediated communication provides unique opportunities to connect with people.
2. Online communicators are motivated to form (favorable) impressions of themselves to others
3. Online interpersonal relationships require extended time and more accumulated messages to develop equivalent levels of intimacy seen in ftf interpersonal relationships. |
|
|
The three selves |
1. actual self- the attributes a person possesses
2. ideal self- the attributes a person ideally possesses
3. ought self- the attributes a person should possess |
|
|
Warranting |
The perceived legitimacy and validity of information about another person that one may receive or observe online. |
|
|
Groupthink |
a way of deliberating that group members use when their desire for unanimity overrides their motivation to assess all available plans of action.
a way of group deliberation that minimizes conflict and emphasizes the need for unanimity. |
|
|
Assumptions behind groupthink |
1. Conditions in groups promote high cohesiveness.
2. Group problem solving is a primarily a unified process
3. Groups and group decision making are frequently complex |
|
|
Antecedant conditions of groupthink |
1. (group cohesiveness) high cohesiveness of the decision- making group
2. (structural factors) specific structural characteristics of the environment in which the group functions
3. (group stress) stressful internal and external characteristics of the situation |
|
|
Ways to prevent groupthink |
Engage in vigilant decision making that involves:
1. looking at the range of objectives group members wish to achieve
2. developing and reviewing action plans and alternatives
3. exploring the consequences of each alternative
4. analyzing previously rejected action plans when new info emerges
5. having a contingency plan for failed suggestions.
|
|
|
38. onion analogy |
a person can be compared to an onion representing the various aspects of a persons personality |
