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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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althusser
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ideology as a practice
ideology is far more important and it is material, we enact it in our daily lives, harder to resist recruits individuals as subjects through interpellation or hailing ISA |
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two mechanisms to get people to behave according to althusser
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rsa (repressive state apparatuses)-police, criminal courts, and prison system (force)
isa (ideological state apparatuses) institutions which individuals internalize and act in accordance with |
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examples of ISAs
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schools, religions, family, legal system, politics, mass media, sports
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how ISAs work
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doesn't represent real world per se, but humans relation to the real wold/perceptions
can't know real world directly-what we know are representations of our relation to the world ideology is fundamentally material-enacted through practice |
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interpellation
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althusser-hailing-siren sounds behind us
ad creates an offer or demand |
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roland barthes subjects
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denotation, connotation, myth, photographic message
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myth
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(barthes)
dominant ideologies of our time: seemingly natural views about masculinity, femininity, success, science, depression, etc. a culture's way of thinking about something |
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first order signification
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barthes
signifier: elements of an image signified: what it means on most basic level |
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second order signification
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signified of first order signification linked to a second set of signifieds-more elaborate/ideologically framed message or meaning
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commutation test
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ID significant or distinctive features within a paradigm or syntagm
define its significance |
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process approach
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comm=transmission of messages
concerned with how senders and receivers encode and decode, how transmitters use channels and media process by which one person affects the behavior/state of mind of another intention=crucial in deciding what constitutes a message shannon and weaver lasswell gerbner |
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indexical
iconic symbolic |
(Pierce) indexical-direct link between sign and object
iconic-resembles object in some way symbolic-no connection or resemblance, arbitrary |
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denotation
connotation |
denotation: literal meaning
connotation: sociocultural and personal associations |
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mcluhan
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technology=dangerous, changes our interactions with one another, change the pace or scale in which we relate to family, friends or info
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hot and cool media
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mcluhan
hot-extends one sense in high definition (photo) cold-extends sense in low definition (cartoon) |
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marx
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social relations, around the production and exchange of goods, is what produces society, ideology and political structures
base: material relations, social relations around production which produces class structure superstructure: representations, ideology (misrepresentation of reality legitimizing the status quo) |
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commodity fetishism
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marx: capitalism---reduction is actual human labor
labor=commodity to be bought and sold production has mastery over people |
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semiotic approach
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comm as the production and exchange of meanings
how messages interact with people in order to produce meanings\concerned with the roles of texts in our culture message is a construction of signs which produce meanings |
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shannon & weaver model
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source is the decision maker and decides which message to send. selected message is then changed by the transmitter into a signal which is sent through the channel to the receiver
linear model...comm seen as a transaction suggests there is a sender and a receiver and that something is sent |
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gerbner model
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adds perception, culture, medium and power to shannon & weaver model
person 1 perceives event E perception is filtered and is one step removed from original event to E1 person 1 selects channel the message=the form+content (Signal or S) person 2 receives and decodes/filters (SE2) |
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lasswell model
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who says what in what channel to whom with what effect?
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medium
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technical/physical means of converting the message into a signal capable of being transmitted along the channel
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redundancy
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predictable and conventional
reduces information |
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entropy
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opposite of redundancy
result of low predictability constitutes a communication problem |
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convention
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major source of redundancy
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feedback
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transmission of the receiver's reaction back to the sender
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access
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who has access to media
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noise
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outside things that make the message less clear
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difference between code and channel
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channel: medium
code: what's being communicated through medium |
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key problems with process approach
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assume the meaning is in the message-others say it's at least as much in the culture or in the viewer
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Pierce
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language is constitutive of reality-divided into arbitrary categories by every language
signs can be motivated (direct relationship between signifier and signified)-indexical and iconic or arbitrary-symbolic |
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de saussure
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the signifier is the sign's embodiment as we perceive it
signified is mental concept to which it refers signifier and signified like two sides of a sheet of paper |
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paradigmatic
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selection from within a set of similar items
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syntagmatic
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organization of items in a sequence
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size of frame and social distance
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intimate distance-face/head only
close personal-head and shoulders far personal-waist up close social-whole person far social-whole person with space |
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offer/demand
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offer-absence of gaze at viewer
demand-gaze at viewer |
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involvement/detachment (photo)
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involvement-frontal angle
detachment- oblique angle |
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viewer power
equality represented participant power |
viewer: high angle
equality: eye level angle represented participant power: low angle |
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ogden and richards
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??
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lakoff
problem with his theory |
conduit metaphor: ideas/meanings are objects
linguistic expressions are containers and communication is sending words indicating physical motion used for concepts problem: understanding or learning is seen as passive |
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rich media, poor democracy
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key indicator of health of democracy=journalism
corporations-system with lack of competition, standardizing of opinion, high in sensationalism and low in info |
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information definition according to shannon & weaver
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measure of predictability/randomness
highly predictable=low info many choices-low predictability-highly entropic-lots of info |
