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34 Cards in this Set
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Terrorism |
strategy based on asymmetry of power- people don’t have the same means as the state, so this rivals its power |
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• Narodnaya Volya/People's Will |
terrorist group founded 1878 - Never targeted innocent people, always went after Russian officials - influenced Anarchist movement - Aim- overthrow prevailing world order- Rejected imperial, capitalist govs. - Importance of individual |
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Anarchist legacy |
- individual acts of terrorism, no need for organizations - Dramatic acts of violence signaled power of revolutionaries -cultural fascination - Didn’t have much impact on history |
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Guerilla Open Access Manifesto |
-made information freely available -- Hacking & sharing information punishable - Can be seen as martyr for freedom of speech |
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Nationalist terrorism |
-much more limited in geographic scope than anarchists - Timeline: post WWII, late 1940’s-50’s - Terrorism: label states use in reference to violent revolts fighting European rule - Ex.: FLN (Algeria) |
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• Algerian struggle for independence |
- Philosophy- one dead civilian worth more than many dead soldiers - Bombs/attacks on daily basis - French army staged coup in Algeria, trigged De Gaulle’s return to power - Worked- produced change for Algeria -French used torture, un-democratic |
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Groupuscular terrorism |
- Timeline: 1970’s - Western Europe, esp. Italy & Germany - Small groups with tendencies to divide even further, composed of very radical leftist or rightwing activists -middle-class, educated -claimed to represent working-class -goals: worldwide revolution -e.g. Red Brigades in Italy |
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1970's context of groupuscular terrorism |
-Italy & Germany grappling w/ legacy of Fascism -Young generation sensitive to authoritarianism -Students rebelled against establishment -Moral values of society questioned & subverted; counter-culture -Germany- Nazis continued to occupy high positions in society |
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Revival of religious terrorism |
-1990's- took West by surprise -- Social/political function of religious was seen as creating peace & community - Islamophobia in Western countries -Islamist extremism identified as motivator for terrorist violence -9/11- confirmation of this assumption |
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differences between West & Islam in relation to politics |
-- Locke: basis for separation of church & state -Result: de-politicization of politics, became important idea for creation of America -Soviet Union & China crushed religion - Separation of religion & state didn’t happen in Islam |
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Scholarship on Islamist terrorism |
-Conservatives: battle of civilizations- Islamists fight against Western culture, globalization, modernization - Essentialist view: fight against what the west is - Liberals: Islamist terrorism = reaction to US foreign policy; have their own goals -Consensus: Islamist terrorism is successful & won’t stop soon |
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Hoffman’s "Inside Terrorism" |
- Characteristics of religious terrorism: 1. Transcendental rather than political 2. Religious terrorists seek elimination of broadly defined categories of enemies 3. Don’t appeal to any constituency other than themselves 4.Aim of religious terrorism =cosmic revolution |
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Connecting history of Islam to modern-day Islamic terrorism |
-cult of assassins 12th century- written according to Orientalism -Approach is problematic- core concept of modern terrorism = centrality of human agency; Islamists believe only God can change things --Religious terrorism doesn’t fit model of rational explanation- human agency wouldn't be able to transform world |
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Terrorism & religion |
-Townshend: terrorism always has religious overtones; can’t set boundaries between political & religious -Concept of separating sacred from the secular is product of Western culture |
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• Anthropocentrism |
-philosophical viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world - Human life has intrinsic value - Western concept -this view in western democracies is the exception, not the rule |
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suicide terrorism according to Bloom |
- 2 types: nationalist & religious - Range of motives that go beyond coercion - Outbidding: raise prestige of a group vis-à-vis competition with other radical & moderate groups |
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spoiler effect |
-suicide attacks result in escalation of violence - make it more difficult for target to negotiate peace, draw support away from moderate to radical groups -state can't negotiate w/ terrorists |
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Jujitsu strategy |
use enemy’s strength against him -E.g. become more prominent than moderate groups instead of directly engaging with them -Both state & non-state terrorist groups can make use of jujitsu strategy when they want to avoid negotiation |
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Peace of Westphalia |
-1648 treaty marked shift from legitimacy of violence derived from religion to sovereignty of the state -- 7th – 9th century: Christian Holy Wars against pagans -continued, e.g. US war against Mormons |
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Religious revival movements |
-messianic/apocalyptic in nature -occur when religion is in crisis similar to revolutions in the state -Revolutions introduce new principle of legitimacy -Religion revivals go back to original source to regenerate principles |
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- Millenarian movements |
followers believe the world will be radically transformed into condition of perfection - Millenarian groups either refuse to be part of society or engage in violence to bring about the end |
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- Messianism |
Shi’ia Islam- essential part, played crucial role in 1979 revolution |
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Martyr |
person who is killed because of religious or other beliefs -Greek; means "to bear witness" - Terminology not always helpful- many different definitions - Predatory vs. peaceful martyrdom |
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approaches to studying martyrdom |
1. Focus on creative role of community & individuals left behind- Martyrs made to serve religious/social/political needs of surviving community 2. Focus on evolutionary nature of martyrdom- how has meaning evolved in Jewish, Christian, & Islamic traditions 3. Evaluative approach: belief that idea has been corrupted/distorted- Not as useful 4. Inclusive approach: focus on diverse nature of martyrdom- Emphasis on its multifaceted nature |
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noble death |
-embodied by Socrates -painting by Frenchman just before French Revolution -Painting expresses concerns of 18th century France- lacked freedom of expression- books banned by Church - Deaths serve a purpose for the community that survives |
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social aspect of martyrdom |
-Martyrdom requires collective effort- not enough for individual to kill themselves - Social formation- requires witness of others who attest to the martyrdom - Mediated (texts, paintings) forms crucial to history of martyrdom -form of propaganda/publicity |
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radical martyrdom |
reference to early Christians who sought to be killed by Roman authorities -By accepting brutal death, morality of Romans was undermined |
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"just war" tradition |
-Christians: appears with St. Augustine -legitimate war declared by authorities for just causes; noncombatants should not be attacked -Has influence today- est. what kinds of militancy are legitimate -e.g. Crusades |
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shift in Islamic perception of martyrdom |
-occurs when Islam expands- new territory --Just war theory & Islamic codification of jihad similar - Important difference: concept of individuality to wage war- don’t have to be part of an army to wage Jihad |
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Revival of military martyrdom in Islamic community |
-18th century during European colonizationo Jihad= defensive war: regarded as legitimate struggle against foreigners ; glorification of martyrdom absent -1920’s shift in interpretation of Jihad: rise of secular, nationalist states in Muslim world; struggle against nation-state because it’s not an Islamic state |
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leftwing vs. rightwing views on islamist terrorism |
-left: reaction to western foreign policy; new development in Islam -right: about clash of civilizations; always been a part of Islam |
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characteristics of terrorism |
1. drama/spectacle 2. innocent victims 3. need for audience 4. intended effect= fear 5. psychological impact of fear disproportionate to actual violence |
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terrorism & the media |
-fits selling strategy of commercial media -need media representation for terrorism -used to recruit members -amplifies effect -de-politicizes terrorism |
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Islam as source of political mobilization |
-religious communities old & familiar -commands loyalty & emotions -historical precedence- linked to politics -source of social mobility -religious renewal in times of crisis |
