Comm Final

Front 1

Audience-centered presentational speaker

Back 1

someone who considers and adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process

Front 2

General purpose of a speech

Back 2

broad reason for giving a presentation: to inform, persuade, and/or entertain

Front 3

Specific purpose of a speech

Back 3

a concise statement of what listeners should understand, believe, feel, or be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the presentation

-Guides the speaker in preparing a presentation
-Is not stated in the presentation

Front 4

Central idea

Back 4

-Guides the audience in listening to a presentation
-Is stated at or near the end of the speech introduction

Front 5

six criteria for evaluating internet sites

Back 5

accountability
accuracy
objectivity
date
usability
sensitivity to diversity

Front 6

Description

Back 6

a word picture; allows audience to see, hear, smell, touch, or taste whatever you are describing

Front 7

Analogy

Back 7

a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that demonstrates how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands

Front 8

Topical

Back 8

organization determined by the speaker’s discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity

Front 9

Spatial

Back 9

organization according to location, position, or direction

Front 10

Recency

Back 10

(topical)
most important material last

Front 11

Primacy

Back 11

(topical)
most convincing or least controversial material first

Front 12

Complexity

Back 12

(topical)
arranging ideas from simple to more complex

Front 13

Specificity

Back 13

from specific info to general overview or from general overview to specific info

Front 14

Soft to hard evidence

Back 14

from hypothetical illustrations and opinions (soft) to facts and statistics (hard)

Front 15

Preparation outline

Back 15

Allows speaker to examine presentation for completeness, unity, coherence, and overall effectiveness; may serve as first rehearsal outline

Front 16

Speaking notes

Back 16

Include supporting material, signposts, and delivery

Front 17

Manuscript

Back 17

reading a presentation from written text

Front 18

Extemporaneous

Back 18

delivering a well-developed, well-organized, carefully rehearsed presentation without having memorized exact wording

Front 19

Concrete words

Back 19

a word that refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in the most specific way possible

Front 20

Drama

Back 20

a characteristic of a speech created when something is phrased in a way that differs from the way the audience expects

omission, inversion, suspension

Front 21

Omission

Back 21

(drama)
leaving out a word or phrase the audience expect to hear

More money, less news

Front 22

Inversion

Back 22

(drama)
reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence

This much we pledge (object-subject-verb instead of the usual subject-verb-object)

Front 23

Suspension

Back 23

(drama)
withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence

At stake is nothing less than our nation’s soul

Front 24

Cadence

Back 24

the rhythm of language

parallelism, antithesis, repetition, alliteration

Front 25

Figurative language

Back 25

methaphors, similes, personification

Front 26

Parallelism

Back 26

(cadence)
using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences

Deliver health care services, support retirees, fuel our transportation network, and harness new technologies (parallel verb phrases)

Front 27

Antithesis

Back 27

(cadence)
contrasting the meanings of the two parts of a parallel structure

“not only… but also”

Front 28

Informative

Back 28

making audience understand something

Front 29

Persuasive

Back 29

make audience believe something

Front 30

adult learning principles

Back 30

preferences of adult learners for what and how they learn

-Relevant info that they can use immediately
-Active involvement in the learning process
-Connections between the new info and their life experiences

Front 31

Persuasion

Back 31

the process of intentionally changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behaviors

The speaker invites/motivates the listener to make a choice, rather than just offering info about the options

Front 32

Cognitive dissonance

Back 32

occurs when you are presented with info that is inconsistent with your current attitudes, beliefs, values, needs, and feelings

Feel uncomfortable

Ex. Vegetarians persuading non-vegetarians

Front 33

Attitude

Back 33

learned tendency to respond favorably or unfavorable

A like or dislike

Easiest to change

Front 34

Belief

Back 34

sense of what is true or untrue

What causes something else

Ex. Rap music leads to crime or spanking leads to good behavior

Front 35

Value

Back 35

enduring conception of right and wrong

Front 36

Proposition of fact

Back 36

a claim that something is or is not the case or that something

Ex. Nuclear power plants are safe and effective

Front 37

Proposition of value

Back 37

a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something

Ex. Small high schools are better than large high schools

Front 38

Proposition of policy

Back 38

a claim advocating a specific action to change a regulation, procedure, or behavior

Ex. The city should build a new public library

Front 39

Credibility (ethos)

Back 39

is an audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism

Front 40

Dynamism

Back 40

reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic

Enthusiasm

Charisma: talent, charm, attractiveness (magnetism)

Front 41

Proof (logos)

Back 41

reasons (believable claims)

+

evidence (material used to support)

Front 42

Inductive

Back 42

using specific instances or examples to reach a probable general conclusion (evidence)

Ex. Dell, Gateway, and IBM computers are all reliable. Therefore, PC’s are reliable

Front 43

Deductive

Back 43

moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion (major premise->minor premise->conclusion)

Ex. All professors at this college have advanced degrees. Tom Bryson is a professor at this college. Therefore, Tom Bryson has an advanced degree

Front 44

Casual reasoning

Back 44

relating two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events caused the other

Ex. The number of people with undergraduate degrees has risen steadily since 1960. This increasing number caused a glut in the job market of people with degrees

Front 45

Refutation

Back 45

organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments

Credible facts and statistics will generally be more effective in supporting your points of refutation than will emotional arguments

Front 46

Motivated sequence

Back 46

attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action