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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"pictures in our heads"
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Lippmann – the ideal of something that we feel like we know but we have never experienced in person.
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pseudoenvironment
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the combination of messages and representations from the media creates an atmosphere of environment that we feel exists and we are able to experience within our minds. (Ex: a foreign city in a movie you feel like you have been to but actually never have – the media created this mental feeling)
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mass medium/media
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an assemblage of production practices and audiences practices that change and structure the pictures in our head. In general a powerful, centralized source that disseminates a uniform message to a large number of people
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transmission model
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Explored in James Carey’s article “A cultural Approach to Communication.” The key communications model for propaganda and PR campaigns. A message is sent from a source (generally a source of power) to a received who is supposed to take the message as it was sent. A classic example is the telegraph message. Media as channels – little interaction – only room for resistant readings.
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ritual model
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Also explored by James Carey’s article and a concept attributed to him. It is the idea that meaning is transmitted through a shared experience where nothing new is learn but old ideas of the world are reaffirmed though a set form of actions. Repeated practices through which you encounter media. Communication is not in the “message” but in the ritualistic action. Carey’s classic example is the religious mass.
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medium
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“a substrate or package” – in the transmission model = media are channels
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technological determinism
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ignores the opinion of producers and audience; technology shapes and directs what people view and do.
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media concentration
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Media being increasingly owned by fewer and fewer people, now a handful of giant media conglomerates own much of the media. (Rodrigo Pena)
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conglomerate
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A large corporation that owns several smaller companies and properties across many industries, e.g. Viacom, News Corp., Vivendi Inc. (RP)
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vertical integration
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Owning the steps from production to distribution of a certain product, for example owning the materials, methods of production, and methods of distribution for one product. (RP)
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horizontal integration
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Using media properties through different industries owned by a conglomerate, with each branch helping the others. e.g. Batman - ticket sales help comic sales which help video game sales, all of which help each other. (RP)
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public opinion
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1. opinion poll such as the local straw poll conducted by The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian in 1824, showing Andrew Jackson leading John Quincy Adams by 335 votes to 169 in the contest for the United States Presidency
2. League of Woman Voters who formed a website for the lobby group who can become an e-activist and share their opinion about policy when asked by Congress 3. The GSS has been conducted since 1972 by the National Opinion Research Center. It measures attitudes toward social and public policy issues, economic status, political events, work, and family life. Some questions are asked each year, and topical modules are administered on a rotating basis that focus on current topics such as gender equity, religious beliefs, and perception of work. The 1972-2006 file was released in May 2007. |
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“magic bullet” model
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1. In 1938, the Mercury Theater Group broadcasted a radio edition of “War of the Worlds” in which they presented a news bulletin stating that martians had begun an invasion of Earth; about one million people believed them.
2. Aids in Africa ads that present the image of an impoverished child while including the number the pubilc needs to contact, in order to assist them; by injecting the emotion of sadness, the desired response of calling and donating money to the organization is triggered 3. Hitler's actions used political power to get the “unthinking herd” to not contradict his thought but follow his idea of wiping out an entire society |
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“public relations” model
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1. Uses press releases and other one-way communication techniques to distribute organizational information.
2. Uses persuasion and manipulation to influence audience to behave as the organization desires; getting people to donate to charity 3. getting people to call in to vote for their favorite American Idol |
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public mind
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1. public being able to bring back discontinued products through contact with the company; Beauty and the Beast no longer produced on VHS but is coming back in the form of a a blue-ray disc
2. getting a company to produce a new feature or service, including the addition of the cube-sized iPod Shuffle as people demanded a smaller, easier to carry version of their favorite mp3 player 3. changing an unpopular policy; getting Stanford to change its policy about how far someone must be from a building when smoking |
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capitalist realism
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1. Television stars who do commercials, ostensibly in their own names, invariably present their television personalities, not their own. Bill Cosby was used in Jello Pudding commercials because he had established. himself in so many programs for children and was in a position to remind mothers that children like Jello.
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culture jamming
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a TV "subvertisement" produced by Adbusters begins with a series of tobacco executives lying to congressional hearings (the specific product/corporate jam) and ends with the question of whether such corporations should be allowed to exist (the meta-meme)
3. G.W. Bush Parody (formerly http://www.gwbush.com) |
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the fairness doctrine
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“The Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations, for example, harassed unsympathetic journalists by filing complaints under the Fairness Doctrine.” (Croteau and Hoynes, 100)
A journalist who is a staunch Republican wrote an article presenting both the Republican and Democratic views on abortion. A television show featured the both the Democratic and Republic presidential candidates' platforms. |
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preventative regulation
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Preventing violent shows from airing during peak hours when children will be watching TV.
Not allowing profanity on children’s shows or television stations. |
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promotional regulation
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Having three anti-drug commercials for every half-hour show on MTV
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common carriage
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Telephone Carriers – must carry everyone’s message, cannot exclude other vendors from using their network
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state monopoly
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ngland taxes the purchase of electronic devices and uses tax revenue to create programming its public broadcasting networks.
China owns all broadcast outlets and controls what is featured in the media. |
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broadcast spectrum
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There is a maximum limit to the number of radio stations that CBS can own and broadcast its programming.
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public sphere
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An area in social life where people can get together and freely discuss and identify
societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. (Rodrigo Pena) |
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hegemony
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commonsense assumptions made about social life that are accepted as natural
Gender example: women are better nurturers than men. (leads to gender stereotypes) "you can't fight city hall" "moderate positions are more reasonable than "extreme" positions |
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resistance
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developing a resistant reading of a print article or advertisement and constructing ideas that go against common beliefs or ideologies
culture jamming teenagers choosing to seek out their own unique style and not to conform to what is considered "cool" |
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power as instrument
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transmission model of communication/media
magic bullet model of propaganda sporting good advertising companies placing advertisements for their products on television networks such as ESPN |
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power as flow
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ritual model of communication/media
someone delivering a sermon in a church an article that is placed on the front page of a newspaper that is distributed nationally and read by millions of people everday |
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false consciousness
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news programs on television may lead Americans to believe that America is always "in the right" in foreign policy matters
Marxist theory: members of the ruling class used ideology to impose their worldview, which represented their interests, on members of subordinate classes. If the subordinate classes accept the ideology they are said to have false consciousness the imposition of capitalist ideologies by an elite class upon a lower class in an attempt to accumulate capital through the exploitation of labor |
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the gaze
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a particular perspective taken to embody certain aspects of the relationship between observer and observed. In particular, (according to Mulvey's text), it centers on the gaze of the male on the woman.
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scopophilia
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the pleasure of looking and watching others. (used by cinema psychoanalysts of the 1970s to describe pleasures (often considered pathological) and other unconscious processes occurring in spectators when they watch films)
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voyeurism
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the act of watching and observing others from a distance
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subject position
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highlights the productive nature of disciplinary power – how it names and categorizes people into hierarchies (of normalcy, health, morality, etc.).
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polysemy
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the interpretability of a text
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semiotics
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study of representations and signs
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liminality
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existing in two different worlds
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social location
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social structural location; demographic (ie. age, gender, class, profession)
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mook
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Al Green
Jackass Superbad (a mook-ish movie) |
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heuristic
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Method for reaching the solution to a problem through a process that is focused on finding that solution rather than following the ideal way to find it. Ex. Trial and error.
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bits
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Binary digit. Series of bits store information by presenting it in strings of 1s and 0s, one digit per bit.
4. bytes |
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mashup
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Similar to sampling, but instead of incorporating a small part of another work in a new one, a mashup is made entirely of parts of different works. Mashups can include music, video, or any form of work that can be digitally mixed together. Many examples can be found on YouTube.
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remix culture
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A culture that accepts or encourages the use of previous works to produce new ones, arguing that it’s better to build on rather than work separately from what has been done before. Sampling is an example of this belief being used.
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collaboration
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The joint creation of a work by multiple people working together to make one product or idea. One example would be when in music a song is authored by two artists, one being featured in the work. Different from sampling because both actively worked together rather than one’s previous work being used in the other’s.
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open-source model
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Allows users to access and work with a product’s code so that they can develop it further. Ex. Linux.
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Machinima
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a copyright design that is used to make new, personal products.
ex) taking Star Wars characters and using them in one's private film production |
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Fan fiction
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a work of fiction written collectively by a group of devoted fans
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Peer production
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a collaborative work done by people who are presumably equal in status
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Cathedral vs. bazaar:
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Cathedral: top-down, hierarchical, power structure. A way of organizing things according to power. Sub-divided and rule-based.
Bazaar: independent actions adding up to a collective product. Egalitarian power structure. |
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Free labor
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often refers to working in a open-source community without receiving any material benefits in return. May be compensated by reputation and recognition.
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affordances
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The Kiva website's "lend now" button is an affordance that facilitates user lending.
Television fan web sites are an affordance created by the shows' producers that promote interactivity, fan loyalty, and a sense of community while providing low-cost market research. |
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gatewatcher
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The Sunlight Foundation considers is a gatewatcher designed to mediate between citizens and government, promoting transparency.
The gatewatcher "Judicial Watch" recently reported on Speaker Pelosi's expensive and extensive travel on military jets to mainstream media outlets, which then spread the story. |
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troll
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A group of trolls hacked into the website of an epilepsy support group and triggered onscreen flashing lights when viewers logged in, causing seizures among some epileptics.
A teenage girl committing suicide after becoming the victim of online hazing, and the culprit troll turned out to be the competitive mother of one of her peers. Recent troll attacks on a social network site involved trolls assuming users' identities and then pleading urgently for money from their friends and families. |
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masthead
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Blog sites of various genres use traditional newspaper-type mastheads on their home pages to create a pseudoenvironment of journalistic professionalism.
A magazine's masthead symbolizes the hierarchical, "cathedral-style" structure of the traditional news organization. The names on the masthead of a newspaper signify the presence of gatekeepers such as publishers, managers, editors, and reporters. |
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reputation
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Consistent contribution to an open source community can lead to the building of a reputation that has value in employment and other spheres.
A journalist's reputation for protecting the identities of anonymous sources is an essential tool of the profession. Reputation is particularly important for bloggers and citizen journalists who are not promoted within a professionally-based, traditional news media organization. |
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mobilization
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Some political blogs, including The Daily Kos, have an explicit mission of mobilization, in contrast to the traditional model of objective, information-based journalism.
Mobile communication devices and social networks afford opportunities for political mobilization, as seen in the 2008 Obama campaign's ability to marshall sufficient numbers of Texas caucus-goers quickly, neutralizing Hillary Clinton's lead in that state's primary election. Web sites such as Global Voices use anonymous internet servers to stimulate resistance to and mobilization against repressive regimes such as China, Iran, and Egypt, which rank as the top three nations in the execution of bloggers. |
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avatar
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a virtual representation of one's self can be human like or in comes virtual worlds take on fantastical forms. The virtual being through which one acts and interacts in a virtual world.
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virtual world/environment
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A world that exists only on a computer of has no physical space. Can be a place to socialize, work, or play. There are immersive and non-immersive environments. Non-immersive enviroments are viewed through a computer screen were you can view you avatar in first or third person view. Ex: Second Life
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immersive virtual reality
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a virtual world in which the participants feel completely involved. In immersive virtual reality the individual lives in first person view inside his/her avatar and views the world though a virtual reality helmet or a completely immersive dome display. Class examples were given by the work of Professor Bailenston
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transformed social interaction
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TSI) the ability to change the envrionment in which you encounter others in a virtual word (for thorough summary see link above)
Three Main possible Changes 1. Sensory Abilities - can have "invisible consultants" who can not be seen in the virtual context but help you keep track of actions in the environment and give you information or advice to better interact based on others actions in the situations 2. Situational Context - Can change the environment in which you interact - with a change in code you can go from talking on the beach to talking in an office or on top of Mt. Everest etc. 3. Change Self representation - can change your form for different people to act/look more like them to appeal to them more - Can make yourself talker/skinny/change sex/ etc. to alter your ability influence others in a social context |
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cost of attention
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relates to Hindman's ideas about the blogosphere. While the cost of entry to news on the internet is lower, there are so many options that the cost of attention leads people to go to the same few mainstream media sites, rather than taking advantage of the full heterogeneity of voices and full democratization afforded by the new media. (Higher cost of attention trumps lower cost of entry.)
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cultural imperialism
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The extent of cultural, military, and social influence of one power over another
The creation of a radio station that played jazz in Berlin in order to spread American culture and make Germans more sympathetic to Americans Broadcast of American/Western television shows to Iran and other countries where it is not welcome by the government Incorporation of Bollywood influences into Mamma Mia (shows that this imperialism can go both ways and it is not just Western domination of the world) |
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ethnoscapes
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Suggests landscape, hints at ways people are migrating in ethnic and cultural groups across state boundaries and not necessarily just geographically
England’s local ethnoscape is changing though it remains the same nationally-Indians, Middle Easterners, Eastern Europeans Redwood City and Mexico Many ethnically African groups in France |
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cultural resources
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The beliefs, art and institutions that help shape and define the character of an area’s population
Vary from place to place |
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appropriation
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Taking something and adopting it as your own
Fashion and vocal styles are appropriated all the time Taking tool of enemy and using it against them Bitch/girl Queer “N-word” |
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democracy
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- in the context of media, a method that empowers individuals and promotes minority groups/opinions into the media.
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Knowledge gap
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o Different socio economic classes know more about certain types of news than others
o In the US lower class citizens know less hard news than other countries but the more educated one becomes the more they will perform at the same level as other developed countries educated citizens |
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Market-Based media system
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• Media system in the U.S.
• Media companies in the U.S. are privately owned and driven by profit • There are no incentives for U.S. media owners to provide hard news |
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Public Service Model of Media Systems
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• Model of media system in most of Europe
• The BBC (state sponsored media) • The government can intervene to provide adequate civic improvement |
