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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pseudo-Environment
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• -Walter Lippmann(1922)
• -The aspect of individual lives based on the experience of others as portrayed by the media • -Public opinion is formed based on these subjective, biased, and abridged mental images of the world. • -Media is powerful in manipulating public opinion. |
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Communication
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An exchange of meaning
-The activity of conveying information |
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Mass Communication
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-From sender to receiver
-From one or a few to many -Mostly anonymous |
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Mass Media
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The cultural industries-the channels of communication -that produce and distribute songs, novels, tv shows, newspapers, movies etc. and other large products to large numbers of people
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Mass Media Channel
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newspaper, book, magazine, radio, internet
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Feedback
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in which consumers give feedback and return messages back to senders or gatekeepers through phone calls, emails, web postings
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Gatekeeper
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news editors, executive producers, and other media managers
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Media Convergence
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Term media critics use when describing all the changes that have occurred over the past decade
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Cross Platform
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Describes a business model that involves consolidating various media holdings such as cable connection , phone services, television transmissions, and internet access under the same corporate umbrella
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Selective Exposure
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the phenomenon whereby audiences seek messages and meanings that correspond to their preexisting beliefs/values
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Media Literacy
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an understanding of the mass communication process through the development of critical thinking
tools: Evaluation, Analysis, Interpretation, Evaluation, Engagement |
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Above the Fold
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• Newspaper Segmentation
-Serving community defined by geographic, political , cultural, or economic borders. |
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Penny Press
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-The New York Sun by Benjamin Day (1833-1950)
-The New York Herald by James G Bennett (1835-1924) Only one penny price attracted a lot of readers Considered the first true mass medium |
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Yellow Journalism
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-Big headlines & illustrations
-Over-dramatized stories -Focusing on crimes and tragedies -Even altering news to stir the most interest for the public -Little objectivity -The New York World by Joseph Pulitzer -The New York Journal by William R. Hearst |
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Objectivity
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staying neutral
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Hard News
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• Up to a minute
• Reported Immediately • Presented in a factual approach • Informing |
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Soft News
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• Human interests
• Background • Entertaining • Advising |
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Inverted Pyramid Style
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• Top: Information you must have for communication to be successful
• Middle: Additional information but not crucial • Bottom: The least important information would be nice to have but not important |
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Lead
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The most important information, the story
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Partisan Press
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Political Papers pushed the plan of a particular political group that subsidized the paper
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Human-interest stories
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new accounts that focus on the trials and tribulations of human condition, often featuring ordinary individuals facing extraordinary challenges
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Wire Services
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Pay monthly fees for access to all wire stories
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Objective Journalism
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a modern style of journalism that distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns, reporters strive to remain neutral towards an issue
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Investigative Journalism
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news reports that hunt out and expose corruption, particularly in business and government.
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Interpretative Journalism
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Aims to explain key issues or events and place them in a broader historical or social context.
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Literacy Journalism
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sometimes dubbed as "new journalism" adapted fictional techniques such as descriptive details and settings and extensive character dialogue, to nonfiction material and in-depth reporting.
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Citizen Journalism
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a grassroots movement wherein activists amateurs and concerned citizens, not professional journalists, use the internet and blogs to disseminate news and information.
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Magazine
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a collection of articles, stories, and advertisements appearing in non daily periodicals that are published in the smaller tabloid style rather than the larger broadsheet paper style
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Muckraker
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Theodore Roosevelt dubbed investigative journalists this because they would crawl through societies muck to uncover a story
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Editorial Content
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-Review manuscripts
-Develop book ideas -Solicit people to write -Edit manuscript |
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Circulation
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Number of copies sold
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Pass-along Rate
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The total number of people that come into contact with a single copy of a magazine
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American Magazine
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-Started by Andrew Bradford
-A monthly view of the political state of the british colonies. |
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Gentleman's Magazine
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The first publication to use the term magazine, consisted of reprinted articles, newspapers, books, and pamphlets
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General-Interest Magazine
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The most prominent publications, offering occasional investigative articles but also covering a wide variety of topics aimed at a broad national audience
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Photojournalism
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the use of photos to document the rhythms of daily life.
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TV Guide
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-published tv listings rivaled readers digest
-highlights americas new interest in specialized magazines |
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Webzine
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Online magazine
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Supermarket Tabloid
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Newspapers that feature bizarre human-interest stories, gruesome murder tales, violent accident accounts, celebrity gossip.
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Trade Book
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-include hardbound and paperback books
-aimed at general readers sold at commercial retail stores |
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Religious Book
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the Bible, etc.
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Professional Book
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target various occupational groups are not intended for the general consumer market
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Textbook
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school books
improve the nations literacy rates and public education |
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Reference Book
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includes dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, almanacs etc.
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University Press
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philosophy, history of arts, etc
publishes books in intellectually specialized areas. |
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Papyrus
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What egyptians wrote on ( from which the word paper is derived) made from plant reeds found along the Nile River
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Parchment
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-treated animal skin- replace papyrus in Europe
-stronger, smoother, more durable, and less expensive, because they didn't have to import it from Europe |
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Manuscript Culture
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-a period in which books were painstakingly lettered, decorated, and bound by hand
-the entrepreneurial stage in the evolution of books -advances in the art of bookmaking |
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Block Printing
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a technique in which sheets of paper were applied to blocks of inked wood with raised surfaces depicting hand-carved letters and illustrations -as early as the third century
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Printing Press
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-Developed by Johannes Gutenberg
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Paperback Books
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-with cheaper paper covers (introduces from europe)
-helped make books more accessible to the masses |
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Dime Novels
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-sold for 5 or 10 cents
-helped further reduce the cost of books -Ann Stephens authored the first dime novel Malaeska: The Indian Wife of the White Hunter |
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Pulp Fiction
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Dime novels were sometimes identifies as a reference to cheap, machine-made pulp paper they were printed on.
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KDKA
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(Nov. 2,1920):
-1st commercially licensed radio station (AM) -Pittsburgh, PA -1) to the general public; -2) based on a public schedule -3) for the purpose of stimulating consumption of radio receivers |
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WHA
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(Jan 3, 1921):
-1st public radio station -In madison, licensed to the University of Wisconsin -1st radio broadcast of weather forecast |
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War of the Worlds
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H.G. Wells seeing the success of contemporary new papers in New York
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AM
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-Amplitude modulation
-Modifies the amplitude of the carrier frequency -Easier |
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FM
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-Frequency modulation
-Greater fidelity and clarity than AM -Ideal for music -static free radio reception |
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Scarcity
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-Public’s right to receive reliable service vs. individual’s right to broadcast
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Trusteeship
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-Licensees as public trustee of scarce radio frequencies
-“Public interest, convenience, and necessity” (FCC) |
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Internet Radio
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• Pandora: Personalization or Customization?
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Personalization
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• Implicit interests/likes
• You are what you click on/buy • Data/content level |
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Customization
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• Explicit user control
• You are what you say you are/what you do • Generic “feature” level? |
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Guglielmo Marconi
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1896 received a patent on wireless telegraphy
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Electromagnetic Waves
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invisible electronic impulses similar to visible light
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Wireless Telegraphy
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a form of voiceless point-to-point communication
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Broadcasting
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the transmission of radio waves(later tv signals) to a broad public audience
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Radio Act of 1912
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Required radio operators to obtain a license, gave the commerce department power to deny a license, and began a uniform system of assigning call letters to identify stations
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Radio Act of 1927
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Established the Federal Radio Commision (FRC) as a temporary agency to oversee licenses and negotiate channel assignments
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Cathode- Ray Tube
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forerunner of the TV picture tube which combined principles of the camera and electricity.
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Philo Farmsworth
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-Received a patent for the first electronic television
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Vladimir Zworykin
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-invented the iconoscope, the first TV camera tube to convert light rays into electronic signals, and he received a patent for it in 1928.
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Nipkows Disk
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a large flat metal disk with a series of small perforations organized in a spiral pattern. As it rotated it separated pictures into pinpoints of light that could be transmitted as a series of electronic lines. Served as a foundation for experiments on the transmission of visual images
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Analog TV
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(based on radio waves) for all US tv sets. 30 countries adopted this system
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Digital TV
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2009 analog signals were replaced by digital which translate tv images and sounds into binary codes and allow for increased channel capacity and improved images and sound.
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NTSC
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National Television System Committee
A group representing major electric firms began outlining industry-wide manufacturing practices and compromising on technical standards. |
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Prime Time
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hours between 8-11
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The Quiz-show Scandal
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They were rigged, undermined americans
First dramatic indication that TV images could be manipulated |
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Narrowcasting
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the providing of specialized programming for diverse and fragmented groups
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Premium Channels
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Which lure customers with the promise of no advertising
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DBS
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(Direct Broadcast Satellite)
-signal directly to small satellite dishes near or on the customers homes |
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Fourth Screen
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iPods, iPads, mobile tv devices
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Sketch Comedy
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-short comedy skits
-example: SNL |
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Situation Comedy
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-sitcom, features a recurring cast, each episode establishes a narrative situation, complicates it, developed confusion among characters
-Character development is downplayed for emphasis on zany plots -Example The New Girl |
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Domestic Comedy
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-Characters and setting are more important than complicated predicaments
-Greater emphasis on character development -Take place in one place or primarily at home -Example Modern Family |
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Sender
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authors, producers and organizations
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Message
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programs, text, ads, images, and sound
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Receivers
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Readers, viewers, and consumers
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The Linear Model of Mass Communication
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SENDERS transmit a MESSAGE through a MASS MEDIA CHANNEL to RECEIVERS GATEKEEPERS filter messages / FEEDBACK
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