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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Public speaking (presentational speaking) |
A teachable, learnable process of developing, supporting, organizing, and presenting ideas orally
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Audience-centered presentation
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Considering and adapting to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process
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Speaker anxiety
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Also known as stage fright; anxiety about speaking in public that is manifested in physiological symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, butterflies in the stomach, shaking knees and hands, quivering voice, and increased perspiration
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Illusions of transparency
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The mistaken belief that the physical manifestations of a speaker's nervousness are apparent to an audience
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Habituation
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The process of becoming more comfortable as you speak
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Systemic desensitization
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An anxiety management strategy that includes general relaxation techniques and visualization of success
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Performance visualization
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An anxiety management strategy that involves viewing a videotape of a successful presentation and imagining oneself delivering that presentation
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Silent brainstorming
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A technique used to generate creative ideas
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General purpose
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The broad reason for giving a presentation to inform, to persuade, or to entertain an audience
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Specific purpose
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A concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the presentation
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Central idea or thesis
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A definitive point about a topic
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Declarative sentence
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A complete sentence that makes a statement as opposed to asking a question
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Main ideas
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Subdivisions of the central idea of a presentation, which provide detailed points of focus for developing the presentation
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Claim
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Conclusions or ideas you want your audience to accept
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Proof
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Evidence to support a claim
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Development
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Extension or explanation of evidence to support a claim
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Supporting material
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Verbal or visual material that clarifies, amplifies, and provides evidence to support the main ideas of a presentation
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Illustrations
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A story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing
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Hypothetical illustration
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An example or story that has not actually occurred
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Description
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A word picture
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Explanation
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A statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present form
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Definition
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A statement of what something means
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Classification
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A type of definition in the general class to which it belongs that differentiates it from all other members
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Operational definition
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A definition that shows how a term works or what it does
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Analogy
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A comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that demonstrates how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands
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Literal analogy
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A comparison between two similar things
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Figurative analogy
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A comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things that share some common feature on which the comparison depends
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Statistics
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Numerical data that summarize examples
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Expert testimony
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The opinion of someone who is an acknowledged expert in the field under discussion
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Lay testimony
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The opinion of someone who has experienced an event or situation firsthand
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Literary quotation
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A citation from a work of fiction or nonfiction, a poem, or another speech
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Oral citation
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The oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and publication date |
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Developing a general purpose reason and then a specific purpose statement (Page 311) |
Helps you keep your audience in mind throughout your preparation |
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Main ideas or claims have a direct relationship with the thesis, with its logical divisions, and what else? (Pages 316-317) |
Support the thesis |
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Why is it important to have a thesis statement or central idea that reflects one topic? (Page 313) |
Multiple topics are often more confusing to follow and to understand
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Speeches should use a variety of kinds of support in order to do what? (Page 330) |
Appeal to and be understood by a wide range of audience backgrounds
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In general, a thesis or central idea is supported by claims; claims are supported by proof; and (Pages 317-318) |
Proof is supported by development, including details and examples |
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Public speaking or presentational speaking decisions about content, organization and delivery need to be what? (Page 304) |
Audience-centered |
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After you have decided on your general purpose, your specific purpose, your central idea and possible main ideas or claims, it is time to do what? (Page 319) |
Research on and decisions on support materials
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Speech preparation includes the need to decide which types of support will do what? (Page 325) |
Best accomplish your specific purpose and focus on the audience and situation |