Com 245 Exam 1

Front 1

2 kinds of phonetics:

Back 1

1. Acoustic phonetics
2. Auditory phonetics

Front 2

Acoustic Phonetics

Back 2

Production of Sound

Front 3

Auditory phonetics

Back 3

reception of words

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phonetics/phonology

Back 4

language as sound in human speech or natural languages

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morphology

Back 5

language as internal structure of words...study of internal structure of words

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morpheme

Back 6

smallest meaningful unit in language grammar
ex: (pre-exist-ence = 3 morphemes)

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root/free

Back 7

type of morpheme
a meaningful word that cannot be split into smaller units
ex: exist, ful, pre

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bound

Back 8

type of morpheme
cannot occur by itself
must be attached to root morpheme

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3 kinds of affixes

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1. suffix
2. prefix
3. inifix

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2 types of morphemes

Back 10

1. root/free
2. bound

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Syntax

Back 11

the structures of parts of speech
rules for the arrangements of parts of speech in language
ex: noun phrase>verb phrase>prepositional phase>object>verb phrase

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Lexical vs Syntactic

Back 12

Lexical is the smaller unit within the syntactic phrase

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Semantics

Back 13

The study of how meaning is created in language

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2 parts of meaning (semantic meaning)

Back 14

1. referent
2. symbol

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Referent

Back 15

any actual object/event/idea referred to by words
ex: picture of a dog

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symbol

Back 16

the words used to describe any object/event/idea
the word assigned to the referent
ex: dog: used to describe the picture of the dog

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4 types of meaning

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1. denotative
2. connotative
3. stylistic
4. affective

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denotative

Back 18

literal meaning of a word (dictionary definition)

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connotative

Back 19

denotative meanin and other associated meanings (the associated meaning is usually and emotional aspect to the word)

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stylistic

Back 20

denotative meaning and connotative meaning and register...
register is the variation in language used depending on the situation or social setting

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affective

Back 21

denotative meaning and connotative meaning and very strong emotional sentiment...all words have denoative and connotative meaning but only some have AFFECTIVE meaning
ex: Nazi, terrorist, killer, God, etc.

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pragmatics

Back 22

specific meaning within a particular context.
there is a hidden layer of meaning that you will only understand if you are familiar with a given context
ex: D'oH (simpsons)

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2 kinds of phonetics/phonological ambiguity

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1. unclear pronunciation
2. similar sounding words

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similar sounding words

Back 24

two words sound the same
ex: two, too

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unclear pronunciation

Back 25

includes things like herb, oregano, tomato: being said differently depending on where you're from

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structural ambiguity

Back 26

where the meaning is ambiguous (open to more than one interpretation) because structural category is unclear
ex: 2 or more meanings because of different lexical categories

Front 27

phonetic/phonological ambiguity

Back 27

unclear meaning due to the sound of words

Front 28

2 kinds of structural ambiguitys

Back 28

1. lexical
2. syntactic

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lexical

Back 29

lack of clarity in a single word (within the phrase)
ex: run (multiple meanings: run as in jog or run as in stockings)

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syntactic

Back 30

lack of clarity in phrase
ex: visiting the dentist (what are you doing there?)

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Semantic Uncertainty

Back 31

meaning is ambiguous (open to more than one interpretation) because of unclear relationship between referent and symbol
ex: what we are talking about (referent) and the word we use to refer it to (symbol) may be different cause some semantic uncertainty

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what is moral disengagement?

Back 32

disengagement from the social world how humans act in society

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what are the three steps in the process (self-regulatory mechanisms)

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1. proactive: active, selective and social agents
2. vicarious learners: learn through observing others
3. self reflexive and self regulatory: constantly monitoring actions/ behaviors depending on social contexts

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what are the three types of moral disengagement?

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1. reprehensible conduct
2. detrimental effects
3. victiim

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reprehensible conduct

Back 35

step one

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detrimental effects

Back 36

step two

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victim

Back 37

step three

Front 38

3 parts to reprehensible conduct:

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1. moral justification
2. euphemistic labeling
3. advantageous comparison

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moral justification

Back 39

inhuman act but for a noble/worth cause
ex: heroes in violent movies

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euphemistic labeling

Back 40

inhumane act but renamed/labeled to not seem as bad

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semantic ambiguity

Back 41

connection between referent and symbol is unclear
multiple possible relations between referent (object) and symbol (word)
ex: single symbol >multiple referents or multiple symbols > single referent

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2 kinds of ambiguitys

Back 42

1. single symbol
2. multiple symbols

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single symbol

Back 43

single symbol -> multiple referents
one word refers to many objects
ex: ukraine leader sleeps with arms (what kind of arms?)

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multiple symbols

Back 44

multiple symbols -> single referent
many words refer to the same object

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pragmatic ambiguity

Back 45

ambiguity because context is unclear
a deeper meaning that is only obvious if you know the background or cultural meaning
ex: sleeps with the fishes (got to watch sopranos to get it)

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structural vs semantic ambiguity

Back 46

structural ambiguity are those who's words' structural category is unclear (stolen painting found by a tree...did the tree steal it? (adverb) or was it just found by the tree (preposition)
vs
semantic ambiguity where different meanings but both with the same category (the andersons saw ducks when THEY were flying to seattle (is THEY the ducks or the andersons???)

Front 47

rhetoric definition and 3 parts

Back 47

making persuasion possible
it is the counterpart of dialectic
one person addressing many
1. deomonstration of truth
2. practical questions (what are some alternatives....)
3. outcome = probability

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dialectic definition and 3 parts

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one on one discussion
1. search for the truth
2. philosophical questions (what is human nature)
3. outcome = certainty

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rhetoric vs. dialectic

Back 49

rhetoric is one person addressing many
dialectic is one on one discussion

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3 types of speeches

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1. forensic
2. Epideictic
3. Deliberatative

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Forensic

Back 51

courtroom speaking (informative speeches)
concerned with issues of the past

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Deliberatative

Back 52

political speaking (persuasive speeches)
concerned with the future

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3 rhetorical proofs

Back 53

ethos
pathos
logos

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ethos

Back 54

proofs of ethics (credibility)

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logos

Back 55

proofs of logic

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pathos

Back 56

proofs of emotion

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3 parts of ethos that a speaker must demonstrate

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1. intelligence: practical wisdom and value
2. virtue:honesty
3. goodwill: positive intention

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2 logos proofs

Back 58

inductive
deductive

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deductive proofs

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1.top down
argumentative structure is presented before evidence/examples
2. absolute: once proved, they cannot be refuted

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2 parts to deductive logos proof

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1.syllogism
2. enthymeme

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syllogism

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structure: major premise ->minor premise -> conclusion
ex: all humans are mortal ->socrates is human --> socrates is mortal

2 common formats: if/then and either/or

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Enthymeme

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incomplete syllogism: either major or minor premise is implicit (not directly stated)...the assumption that the audience already agrees about it
ex: all men are created equal, i deserve to be treated like anyone else (missing the fact that this person is a man)
clinton lied, he cannot be trusted (missing; those who lie cannot be trusted)

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5 canons of rhetoric

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1. invention
2. arrangement
3. style
4. memory
5. delivery

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invention

Back 64

optimal mix of reasoning
(inductive/deducting + specialized knowledge)

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arrangement

Back 65

make structure of argument easy to follow (a logical pattern of argument)

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style

Back 66

use of vivid language for imagery (metaphor)

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memory

Back 67

draw on/reinforce ideas which are memorable (roadmap for success)

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delivery

Back 68

relaxed yet memorable manner of delivery (includes vocal modulation, gestures, body language, etc)

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2 critiques of aristotles rhetoric

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1. audience as passive
2. does not address importance of situation

Front 70

what is figurative language

Back 70

using a word in another way other than its denotative (literal) meaning

Front 71

simile vs. metaphor

Back 71

simile: an explicit comparison of two unlike objects using "like" or "as"
metaphor: implicit comparison of two unlike things