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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three forms of Power?
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Empowerment, Prevention, and Dominance
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What is dominance?
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Power over others flows from a hierarchical structure or from differences in status among group members. Dominance is Competitive.
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What do dominators see power as?
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Power is seen as finite as an active struggle between haves and have-nots.
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What is empowerment?
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enhancing the capabilities and the influence of individuals and groups. The power to accomplish your own goals or help others.
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In what ways in empowerment can you help others achieve their goals?
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Through the process of group potency, meaningfulness, autonomy, impact.
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What is empowerment seen as?
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Empowerment is seen as cooperative. The group as a whole benefits from its members gaining the ability to succeed together. They view the power pie as expandable, resources can be acquired and shared.
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What is Prevention?
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the power from efforts of others to influence. When someone tries to dominate psychological reactance occurs. Trying to prevent dominance. It is competitive. Proactive
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What is Prevention seen as?
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power is seen as reactive. Competitive win-lose terms by those who try to dominate and those trying to prevent.
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Power indicators
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The ways in which relative degrees of power are communicated in groups.
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What are the three main power indicators?
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general, verbal, and nonverbal
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What are the general indicators of power?
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Those who define others exercise control. I.E. teachers define students (e.g. smart) Whose decisions are followed. Whom the group follows indicates power. Who opposes significant change. Those who have been accorded power by the group are usually uncomfortable with change that goes much beyond a little fine-tuning.
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What are the verbal indicators of power?
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Group members who use more powerful language patterns are perceived to be more credible, attractive, and persuasive than those using less powerful language. Verbal dominance is also indicated by competitive interrupting, contradicting, berating.
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What are the nonverbal indicators of power?
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Space is the prerogative of the powerful. I.E. the power get the biggest offices. Posture and gestural communication are also markedly different for superordinates and subordinates. I.E. the power exhibit more relaxed, casual posture and gestures. Touch indicates power. Eye contact. I.E. staring is done more freely by the powerful. nonverbal artifacts or symbol of power. I.E. Sports car
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What are some powerless speech examples?
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Hedges: Perhaps the best way is....
"I'm a little concerned..." Hesitations: "Well, um...." "Gosh, ah, shouldn't we...." Tag questions: "The meeting will be at noon, okay?" "...,doesn't it? Disclaimers: "This is probably not very important...." Excessive politness: "I'm extremely sorry to barge in..." |
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What are the major claims made in "Powerful Language Differences?"
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Most Asian cultures view our version of powerful speech as immature because it indicates insensitivty to others and is likely to make an agreement more difficult. - In western societies, verbal obscenity and swearing are perceived as powerful language- an aggresive flouting of societal norms. Neither Japanese men or women use such language except in rare instances. The Japanese language uses alot of perceived powerless terms such as I think, perhaps, probably, and expect no interruptions. While Americans negotiate in blunt terms, interrupt, and view indirect and qualifying language as signs of weakness and lack of resolve.
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What are the five power resources?
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information, expertise, punishments and rewards, personal qualities, and legitimate authority.
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Why is information a power resource?
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Not all information serves as a source of power. Information assumes value or usefulness when it is perceived to be unavailable. Information is powerless when it is readily available to everyone. Information becomes unavailable primarily from restrictions and scarcity. Unavailable information has power potential, but only if it's not too scarce, so you can actually produce it. The competent communicator: provides useful but scarce or restricted information to the group. And be certain of accuracy.
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Why is expertise a power resource?
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Experts are able to decipher the data. They have a valuable and useful information, but they also understand the information and know how to use it to help the group. We require experts to fix computer problems, give legal and financial advice...
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What two conditions must be met for expertise to be a function as a power resource?
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1. The group must be convinced that the person has the requisite skills, abilities, knowledge, and background to function as a real expert. Experts must demonstrate knowledge and the skill to use it.
2. The person must demonstrate trustworthiness. |
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Assuming that a group member has special knowledge, skills, or abilities useful to the group, how could he or she capitalize on the power potential of expertise?
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1. Maintain skills, abilities and knowledge.
2. Demonstrate trustworthiness and credibility. 3. Be certain of your facts before advising the group. 4. Don't assume an air of superiority. This will trigger defensiveness among group members. |
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Why are rewards and punishment a power resource?
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Threats of punishment are more effective when we perceive that the chances of punishment are highly probable.
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What are the three reasons punishment can be a drawback?
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Punishment teaches you what you should not do, but not what you should do. Targets of punishment can become hostile toward their perceived tormenters. Punishment can produce a negative ripple effect throughout the group.
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Why are rewards a punishment resource?
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Rewards are an effective power source, but they should be used carefully. An extrensic reward can diminish intrinsic motivation to behave in certain ways.
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What is an extrinstic reward?
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An extrinsic reward motivates us to behave or perform by offering us an external inducement such as money, grades, praise, recognition, or prestige.
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What is an intrinsic reward?
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An intrinsic reward is enjoying what one does for its own sake. An intrinsic reward motivates us to continue doing what brings us pleasure.
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What is the most important thing in a reward?
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The intrinsic reward derived from good relationships and a trusting group climate outweighs the extrinsic reward of money and benefits.
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What are some guidelines to being a competent communicator using punishment and rewards carefully?
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1. Punishment should be a last resort.
2. Punishment should be appropriate to the act. 3. Punishment should be swift and certain. 4. Be generous with praise that is warranted. 5. Determine what rewards group members value before offering any. 6. Administer both punishments and rewards equitably and fairly. |
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Why are personal qualities a power resource?
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Physical attractiveness, expertise and mastery of certain persuasive and communication skills, dynamism, trustworthiness, reliability, similarity of values and outlook, identification with the group all contribute to an individual's ability to influence others.
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How is charisma determined?
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Charisma is not determined objectively, groups decide what is attractive and what is not.
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Why is legitimate authority a power resource?
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An example is parents having authority over children. To have power potential, authority must be viewed as legitimate.
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What are some guidelines to being a competent communicator using legitimate authority?
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1. Become an authority figure. There are two choices: appointed or emerged leader.
2. Gain legitimacy: comes from conforming to accepted principles and standards of the group. 3. Encourage participative decision making. 4. Act ethically |
