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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
communication
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A systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
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content level of meaning
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One of two levels of meaning; the literal information in a message.
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feedback
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Verbal or NV response to a message. The concept of feedback appeared first in interactive models of communication.
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meaning
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The significance we attribute to a phenomenon; what it signifies to us.
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noise
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Anything that interferes with the intended meaning of communication; includes sounds (e.g., traffic) as well as psychological interferences (e.g., preoccupation).
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process
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An ongoing continuity, the beginning and end of which is difficult to identify; for example, communication.
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relationship level of meaning
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One of two levels of meaning in communication; expresses the relationship between communicators.
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symbol
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An arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract representation of a phenomenon. Symbols are the basis of language, much nonverbal behavior, and human thought.
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system
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A group of interrelated elements that affect one another. Communication is systemic.
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critical research methods
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Data analysis that aims to identify, critique, or change communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm people.
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ethics
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The branch of philosophy that deals with the goodness or rightness of particular actions. Ethical issues infuse all areas of the communication field.
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interpersonal communication
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Communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance.
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intrapersonal communication
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Communication with ourselves, or self-talk.
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organizational culture
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Understandings about identity and codes of thought and action shared by members of an organization.
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qualtitative research methods
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Interpretive techniques, including textual analysis and ethnography, used to understand the character of experience, particularly how people perceive and make sense of communication.
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quantitative research methods
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Techniques such as descriptive statistics, surveys, and experiments, used to gather quantifiable data.
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triangulation
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Studying phenomena from multiple points of view by relying on multiple sources of data, theories, researchers, and/or methodological approaches.
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cognitive complexity
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An explanation of why things happen and why people act as they do; not necessarily correct interpretations of others and their motives.
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cognitive schemata
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The number of mental constructs an individual uses, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions.
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constructivism
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Mental structures people use to organize and interpret experience. Four schemata have been identified: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
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culture
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The beliefs, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a group of people.
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empathy
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The ability to feel with another person, to feel what he or she feels in a situation.
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expectancy violation theory
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A theory claiming that when our expectations are violated, we become more cognitively alert as we struggle to understand and cope with unexpected behaviors.
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individualism
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A predominant Western value that regards each person as unique and important and to be recognized for her or his individual activities.
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inference
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An interpretation that goes beyond the facts known.
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interpretation
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The subjective process of organizing and making sense of perceptions.
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judgment
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A belief or opinion based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other nonfactual phenomena.
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mind reading
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The assumption that we understand what another person thinks or how another person perceives something.
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monitoring
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The observation and regulation of one’s own communication.
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perception
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An active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities.
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Personal constructs
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Mental yarsticks that allow us to measure people & situations along bipolar dimensions of judgement
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stereotypes
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generalizations about people & situations
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script
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a guide to action
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interpretation
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the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe & experience
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attributions
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explanations of why things happen and why people act as they do
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self-serving bias
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we tend to construct attributions that serve our personal interests
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+ visualization
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a technique used to enhance success in a variety of situations by teaching people to think of themselves positively
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expectancy violation theory
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when our expectations are violated
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cognitive complexity
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the # of constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborate they interact to shape perceptions
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empathy
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to feel WITH another person
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culture
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beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that many ppl share
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social community
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a group of ppl that are both part of an overall society AND distinct from the overall society
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mind reading
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we understand what another person thinks or feels
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inference
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a deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact
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judgement
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a belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena that are NOT facts
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monitoring
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calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe & regulate them
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symbols
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representations of ppl, events, & all that happens in & around us
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NVC
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symbols that aren't words, such as facial expressions, dress, & tone of voice
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VC
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words as symbols
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arbitrary
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verbal symbols are not closely attracted to what they represent
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ambiguous
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NOT clear-cut, precise meanings
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abstract
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not concrete or tangible phenomena
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brute facts
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objective, concrete
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institutional facts
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the meanings of brute facts based on human interpretation
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communication rules
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shared understandings among members of a certain group about what comm. means & what behaviors are appropiate in various situations
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regulative rules
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reg. interaction by specifying when, how, where, & with whom to communicate about certain things
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totalizing
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responding to a person as if one label totally reps that person
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loaded language
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words that slant perceptions and because of that, meanings
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reappropiation
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when a group of ppl reclaims terms others use to degrade its members and treats those terms as positive self-descriptions
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the "I"
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the spontaneous, creative SELF
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the "ME"
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the part of you that is VERY aware of social conventions; censors certain bad impulses
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static evaluation
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an assesment that suggests something is unchanging
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indexing
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a technique to remind us that our evals apply only to specific times & circumstances
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NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR
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a MAJOR dimension of human communication~ includes all aspects of comm. other than words, also HOW we utter words
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kinesics
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refers to body position/motions, including those of the face
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haptics
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NVC involving physical touch
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physical appearance
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the first obvious qualities we notice, such as sex, color, & size
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artifacts
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Personal objects we use to announce our identities and to personalize our environments
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proxemics
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refers to space & how we use it
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environmental factors
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elements of settings that affect how we feel, think, & act
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chronemics
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refers to how we perceive & use time to define indentities & interaction
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ParaLanguage
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comm. that is vocal but not actual words; it includes sounds such as murmurs, gasps, vocal qualities, rhythms, pitch, and inflection
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listening
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a complex process that consists of being mindful, hearing, selecting, & organizing info, interpreting comm, responding & remembering
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hearing
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physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit functioning eardrums
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mindfulness
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focusing on what is happening in the moment
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interpretation
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putting together all that we have selected & organized to make sense of communication
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responding
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expressing interest, asking questions, and otherwise showing that we are attentive
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remembering
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the final aspect of the listening process
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message overload
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occurs when receive more messages than we can effectively process
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message complexity
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exsists when a message we are trying to understand is very complex
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environmental distractions
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occurences in the comm. setting that interfere with effective listening
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preoccupation
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this is what happens when we are absorbed in our thoughts & concerns and when we can't focus on what someone else is saying
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pseudolistening
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pretending to listen
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monopolization
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hogging the stage by continually focusing on comm. on ourselves instead of the person who is talking
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selective listening
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focusing on only particular parts of comm.
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defensive listening
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perceiving a personal attack criticism, or hostile undertone in comm. when none is intended
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minimal encouragers
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repsponses that gently invite another person to elaborate
examples: "tell me more" and "really?" and "i see", etc. |
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paraphrasing
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a second way to gain insight into others' perspectives by reflecting our interpretations of others' comm. back to them
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