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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GENE
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A section of DNA that codes for one or more polypeptides.
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POLYPEPTIDE
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A sequence of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds. Its tertiary structure is dependent on the order of amino acids.
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GENETIC CODE
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A three letter code by which information is contained in a DNA molecule; a group of three bases specifies a particular amino acid to be added to a growing polypeptide chain.
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CODON
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A sequence of three bases in mRNA that code for a particular amino acid.
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mRNA
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Messenger RNA that is made in the nucleus, complementary to the DNA of a gene, before travelling to a ribosome and taking part in protein synthesis.
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tRNA
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Transfer RNA. A type of RNA found in the cytoplasm, made of a single strand looped back on itself; each tRNA molecule has a particular anticodon which pairs with the codon on mRNA, and also determines the type of amino acid with which the tRNA will bind.
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RIBOSOMES
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Tiny organelles, consisted of two sub-units (large and small), free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The mRNA strand sits in its cleft when translation takes place during protein synthesis.
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TRIPLET
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A group of three bases in a DNA molecule coding for one amino acid. They are equivalent to codons on the mRNA.
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ANTI-CODON
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A sequence of three bases on a tRNA molecule that determines the specific amino acid it can pick up and the mRNA code with which it can bind.
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TRANSCRIPTION
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Producing an mRNA molecule with a complementary base sequence to one strand of a length of DNA. The process by which the code contained in the DNA molecule is transcribed into an mRNA molecule.
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TRANSLATION
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The synthesis of proteins on a ribosome; the sequence of amino acids is determined by sequence of bases in the mRNA. The process by which the code for making the protein is used to line up amino acids in a particular sequence and link them together to make a polypeptide.
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DNA HELICASE
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An enzyme that unwinds and separates the two strands of a DNA molecule. The enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases.
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RNA POLYMERASE
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An enzyme that links together RNA nucleotides during transcription. It also checks that the bases have paired up correctly.
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tRNA TRANSFERASES
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Specific enzymes that load specific amino acids onto specific tRNA molecules.
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MUTATIONS
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An unpredictable change in the structure of DNA, or in the structure of and number of chromosomes.
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SUBSTITUTION
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The replacement of one base pair from a DNA molecule from another.
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DEGENERATE
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A term used to describe the genetic code, in which more than one triplet of bases code for the same amino acid.
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DELETION
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The loss of one or more base pair(s) from a DNA molecule.
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FRAME SHIFT
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The result of adding or removing one base pair from a DNA molecule so that the way in every subsequent triplet read is altered.
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INSERTION
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The addition of one or more base pair(s) to a DNA molecule.
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CYCLIC AMP
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A second messenger produced as a result of adrenalin binding with a receptor in the plasma membrane; is also produced as a result of many other interactions between signal molecules and their receptors.
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LAC OPERON
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The length of DNA in E.Coli which controls the production of lactose permease and beta- galacosidase
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PROMOTER SEQUENCE
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The length of DNA which is needed for a gene to be transcribed eg in a prokaryotic cell, part of an operon to which RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription
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OPERATOR
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Next to the promoter region in the operon; to which another molecule (repressor protein) can bind to prevent transcription of the structural gene
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REGULATOR GENE
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Part of an operon that codes for a repressor protein
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REPRESSOR PROTEIN
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The protein that can bind to the operator in the operon that can block the promoter and prevents transcription
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HOMEOBOX SEQUENCES
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Each contain a sequence of 180 base pairs, this sequences produces polypeptides of about 60 amino acids. Homeobox genes determine the body plan of an organism from a zygote stage onwards
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HOMOLOGOUS SEQUENCES
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Having similar base sequences in genes
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SEQUENCE CONSERVATION
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They evolved early on and have not changed since and are the same for a variety of taxa
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CELL APOPTOSIS
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Programmed cell death that is normal and necessary in multicellular organisms
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TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
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A substance that can bind with a particular region of DNA and either initiate or prevent transcription
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