Cognitive Psychology (Ch.3)

Front 1

perception and action of identifying an object

Back 1

what stream

Front 2

perception and action of identifying the object's location

Back 2

where stream

Front 3

Neurons becomes tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience (T/F)

Back 3

T

Front 4

absorbing raw energy (e.g., light waves and sounds waves) through our sensory organs

Back 4

sensation

Front 5

neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or more complex features

Back 5

feature dectectors

Front 6

conversion of this energy to neural signals

Back 6

transduction

Front 7

selecting, organizing, and interpreting these signals

Back 7

perception

Front 8

-Perception may stat with the senses
-Incoming raw data
-Energy registering on receptors

Back 8

bottom-up processing

Front 9

-Perception may start with the brain
-Person’s knowledge, experiences, expectations

Back 9

top-down processing

Front 10

-The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting information from senses
-Not exact copy of the world”
-Based on our past experience and expectations

Back 10

perception

Front 11

what approach to perception includes bottom-up processing
-Perception comes from stimuli in the environment
-Parts are identified and put together and then recognition occurs

Back 11

direct perception theory

Front 12

what approach to perception includes top-down processing
-People actively construct perceptions using information based on expectations

Back 12

constructive perception theory

Front 13

what is the difference between sensation and perception?

Back 13

-Sensations are messages from the senses that provide a link between the self and the world outside the brain (seeing the red images)
-Perception is the brain’s interpretation of what is sensed (when you interpret what it is)
-Perception is an active process, in which we recombine our sensory experiences with our assumptions, biases, or knowledge about the way the world works to produce a psychological experience

Front 14

what is the bottom-up process where objects are recognized when enough information is available to develop them?

Back 14

recognition-by-components theory

Front 15

-Involves making inference based on context, guessing from experience, and basing one perception on another
-Occurs quickly, automatically

Back 15

top-down processing (constructive perspective)

Front 16

what are four ways to perceive motion?

Back 16

-real movement, apparent movement, induced movement, aftereffects

Front 17

perceived size is a function of bottom-up and top-down processing (t/f)

Back 17

t

Front 18

in perceiving size, what is the role of bottom-up processing?

Back 18

the size of the image on the retina

Front 19

in perceiving size, what is the role of top-down processing?

Back 19

-The perceived distance of the object
-The size of the object relative to other objects in the environment

Front 20

describe size constancy.

Back 20

-Occurs automatically, and continuously
-Does not depend solely on size of object image on retina
-Affected by distance cues and background stimuli

Front 21

describe shape constancy.

Back 21

-Objects also appear to possess the same shape, even when the angle of view changes radically
-Varies with the availability of spatial information such as tile, slant of surface on which object appears

Front 22

-Top-down theory
-Some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions we make about the environment
-We use our knowledge to inform our perceptions
-We infer much of what we know about the world

Back 22

Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference

Front 23

we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

Back 23

likelihood principle

Front 24

Gestalt law of organization where lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

Back 24

law of good continuation

Front 25

Gestalt law of organization where every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Back 25

law of good figure (simplicity or Prananz)

Front 26

Gestalt law of organization where similar things are grouped together

Back 26

law of similarity

Front 27

Gestalt law of organization where things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful

Back 27

law of familiarity
(hard to not see image once you group it together as a meaningful something)

Front 28

Gestalt low of organization where things near each other appear grouped together

Back 28

law of proximity
(changes if texture changes)

Front 29

Gestalt law of organization where things moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

Back 29

law of common fate

Front 30

-“rule of thumb”
-Provides best-guess solution to a problem
-Fast and often correct

Back 30

heuristic

Front 31

-Procedure guaranteed to solve a problem
-Slow but gives definite result

Back 31

algorithm

Front 32

what do perceptual illusions tell us?

Back 32

-Perceptive is constructive and interpretive
-What you perceive is not necessarily out there
-Perceptual/cognitive systems construct and create what is seen

Front 33

Ability to detect a stimulus varies moment to moment based on either sensory or non-sensory data

Back 33

Criterion Effects and Signal Detection Theory

Front 34

what factors influence perception?

Back 34

-Bottom-up sensory data
-Top-down cognitive processing
-Attention (non-sensory data)
-Motivation (non-sensory data)
-Expectation (non-sensory data)

Front 35

what are three characteristics of Gestalt's laws of perception organization?

Back 35

-Reflect experience
-Used unconsciously
-Occasionally misleading

Front 36

-One function is lost, another remains
-Example: Monkey A has damage to temporal lobe. This monkey is no longer able to identify objects (what) but can still identify locations (where)
-Therefore, what and where rely on different mechanisms, although they may not operate totally independent of one another

Back 36

single dissociation

Front 37

-Requires two individuals with different damage and opposite deficits
-Example: Monkey A with temporal lobe damage has intact where but impaired what; Monkey B with parietal lobe damage has intact what but impaired where
-Therefore, what and where streams must have different mechanisms AND operate independently of one another

Back 37

double dissociation

Front 38

Neurons becomes tuned to respond best to what we commonly experience. Two examples are...

Back 38

-Horizontals and verticals (neurons)
-Experience-dependent plasticity

Front 39

when a participant correctly detects a target when the target was present.

Back 39

hit

Front 40

when a participant reports detection of a target when a target is not present.

Back 40

false alarm

Front 41

when participants report not seeing the target when the target was not present.

Back 41

correct rejection

Front 42

when a participant does not report seeing a target when the target was present

Back 42

miss

Front 43

what is D'?

Back 43

a sensitivity measure