Cognitive Psych Unit 2

Front 1

simple cells

Back 1

feature detector neurons in primary visual cortex which respond best when oganisms are exposed to lines of specific orientations. Hubel and Weisel

Front 2

complex cells

Back 2

feature detector neurons which respond best when organisms are exposed to lines of specific orientations moving in specific directions

Front 3

hypercomplex cells

Back 3

feature detector neurons which respond best when organism are exposed to specific angles moving in specific directions

Front 4

visual angle

Back 4

the number of degrees of arc that the image of an object in the visual feidl subtends on the retina. higher degree of arc when closer to object

Front 5

sustained attention

Back 5

the ability to maintain selective processing with maximal sensitivity over given periods of time

Front 6

spotlight of attention

Back 6

based on Posner's theories of attention, ability of subjects to move the focus of attention in the visual field while eyes are fixated

Front 7

directed attention

Back 7

orientation of selective processing to some specific aspect of the environment

Front 8

consciousness

Back 8

the state of self-observation of private internal events

Front 9

pattern recognition

Back 9

ability to discriminate between general categories of ambiguous stimuli

Front 10

Gestalt psychology

Back 10

form perceptions automatically proceeds from the whole pattern of stimuli, whole is more than parts

Front 11

law of good figure

Back 11

Gestalt theory, every stimulus pattern tends to be percetually organized into the most simple of all possible components

Front 12

law of similiarity

Back 12

Gestalt theory, similar stimuli tend ot form percptually organized groups

Front 13

top-down processing

Back 13

conceptually driven, processing starts with high level info (context) before subcomponents features are processed

Front 14

bottom-up processing

Back 14

data-driven, processing starts with analysis of small units (primitives) before high level info analyzed

Front 15

pop-out boundaries

Back 15

boundaries formed automatically by primitive stimulus characteristics, such as line tilt, curved shape, color, etc.

Front 16

Oblique Effect

Back 16

perceptual sensitivity to horizontal lines is greater than that to oblique lines. effect confirmed by rection time, visual masking, selective adaptation experiments

Front 17

visual masking

Back 17

referes to distraction stimuli which are presented prior to or after target presentation, and which have the effects of decreasing perceptial sensitivity to the target stimulis

Front 18

selective adaptation

Back 18

refers to decreases in perceptual sensistivity to a specific stimulus after prolonged exposure to that specific stimulus

Front 19

template theory

Back 19

theiry which states that a pattern is recognized based upon its concordance with a pre-existing standard in the brain

Front 20

feature detection theory

Back 20

processing proceeds from simple primiticves to complex patterns. Selfridge in Pandomonium model--> Hubel and Weisel

Front 21

prototype

Back 21

average (idealized) stimulus pattern representing a class of stimulus patterns, rules include essential characteristics of prototype and variations - category

Front 22

Span of apprehension

Back 22

apparant limit on immediate perceptual recognition in an iconic task using the 'full report' proceudre, 3-5 items in 9 item array

Front 23

Monoptic presentation

Back 23

refers to presentation of stimuli drom a single location in the visual field to a single eye

Front 24

dichoptic presentation

Back 24

refers to sequential presentation of stimuli from a single location in the visual field to one eye anf then to the other such that stimulus presentations are never simulatneously projected to both eyes, use to determin whether masking effects are perigpheral or central in nature

Front 25

iconic store

Back 25

short-lived (100-500msec) sensory register or pictorial memory for visual stimuli, retinal photorecrptors retain image info for longer periods than what is present in environment

Front 26

echoic store

Back 26

analigue of the iconic store for audition, persist for longer periods (2 sec) than iconic

Front 27

Object-superiority effect

Back 27

detection of primitve features, such as lines, facilitated when the features appear within 'well organized' objects, compared to detection within a ranom array of primitve features

Front 28

word-superiority effect

Back 28

detection of letters within words is faster than detection of the same letter presented alone

Front 29

semantic priming

Back 29

prior presentation of words from some category can facilitate the recognition of other words from the same category

Front 30

iconic store

Back 30

short-lived (100-500msec) sensory register or pictorial memory for visual stimuli, retinal photorecrptors retain image info for longer periods than what is present in environment

Front 31

echoic store

Back 31

analigue of the iconic store for audition, persist for longer periods (2 sec) than iconic

Front 32

Object-superiority effect

Back 32

detection of primitve features, such as lines, facilitated when the features appear within 'well organized' objects, compared to detection within a ranom array of primitve features

Front 33

word-superiority effect

Back 33

detection of letters within words is faster than detection of the same letter presented alone

Front 34

semantic priming

Back 34

prior presentation of words from some category can facilitate the recognition of other words from the same category

Front 35

illusory conjunction

Back 35

innappropriate perception produced by failure of primary sensory systems ot correctly combine basic environmental features

Front 36

PET

Back 36

radioactive isotopes collide and explode as decay (1/2 life is short)

Front 37

MRI

Back 37

magnetic field (2-4 tesla) - change state of nuclei of atoms
anatomy of distribution of certain substance

Front 38

fMRI

Back 38

no radioactive, deoxyhemoglobin in oxygen

Front 39

ERP

Back 39

recording epoch = 1 sec, up to 200ms is early junction ot junction, brainwqaves timelocked to stimulus presentations - average collection of voltage oscillations

Front 40

CAT

Back 40

anatomical image of brain density, low resolution

Front 41

EEG

Back 41

electrical firing rate of cell, can't tell specific region/area, track ERPS (P300)

Front 42

Subtraction Procedure

Back 42

1.ID baseline treatment with cognitive process P
2. ID baseline identical to treatment but without cognitive process P
3. collectr brain scans in baseline and treatment, repeat, compute average for each individual
4. substract average baseline from average treatment. Compute grand average and find areas that are different from zero
5. Conclude statistically significant areas account for cognitive process P

Front 43

Substraction method critiques

Back 43

pure insertion problem, vague anatomy, cognitive dogma

Front 44

Pure insertion problem

Back 44

impossible that baseline and treatment could vary by only a single brain operation

Front 45

problem of labeling vague anatomy

Back 45

label can't pinpoint area of reaction, limit area but still don't know how/why

Front 46

problem of cognitive dogma

Back 46

results can't refute theory only map brain, map can't change behavior

Front 47

Sperling experiment

Back 47

iconic memory, partial and whole report (4-5 letters - span of apprehension)

Front 48

D' vs. A'

Back 48

D' = normal distribution
A' = non-paramentric
both are perceptual sensitivity measures

Front 49

Treisman's visual search paradigm

Back 49

Pre-attentive primitives --> focused attention --> percepts
parts 'glue' to get whole

Front 50

Hubel and Wiesel

Back 50

neurons in visual cortex are tuned to lines of specific orientation and curvature

Front 51

McCarthy and Donchin (1981)

Back 51

P300 latency increase with stimulus degradation but not effect by response selection

Front 52

Navon (1977)

Back 52

Global precedence
Exp. 1 --> hear/see s/h - consistent quick, then neutral, inconsistent RT slow
Exp. 2 --> visual stimuli local/global - whole before parts
Exp. 3 --> Exp 2 with P300 - whole over parts

Front 53

Posner

Back 53

attention shifting - disengagement--> move attention --> engage target
damage to parietal lobe = can't disengage

Front 54

Broadbent

Back 54

early selection theory of attention - incoming stimuli effect senses but don't pass filter, register-filter-detect-recognize

Front 55

Hillyard and Magnum

Back 55

'sensory gain theory' of attention - attention to location increases amount of visual processing, selection is early in processing stream

Front 56

Deutsch/Norman

Back 56

late selection theory of attention, effects to subliminal processing not in conscious awareness because degraded/quick (not aware of learning)

Front 57

feature detection theory

Back 57

perceptions independent of context, tree then forest

Front 58

Gestalt theory

Back 58

whole before part, context key

Front 59

template matching theory

Back 59

whole image match with stored representation (Gestalt)

Front 60

prototype matching theory

Back 60

match item ot stereotype - closer to prototype increase recognition

Front 61

prospagnosia

Back 61

inability to recognize different faces (damage to fusiform area)

Front 62

Kahneman model of attention

Back 62

limited capacity reservior - allocation policy - possible response

Front 63

Posner and Boies

Back 63

Task 1 - letter matching (name and physical) --> name match take longer
Task 2 - dual task, letter and beep --> if beep at time of letter decision, RT increase