Cognitive Psych. Chapter 5: Long-Term Memory

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Long-term Memory

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large capacity; it contains our memory for experiences and information that we have accumulated over a lifetime.

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Three divisons of LTM

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Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural

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Episodic Memory

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the memory of events that happened to you. Allows you to remember certain episodes in your life.

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Semantic Memory

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describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words, and other factual info.
General knowledge like D.C is our capital.

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Procedural memory

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Refers to your knowledge on how to do something; for instance how to ride a bicycle or how play the piano.

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Encoding

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refers to your initial acquisition of information, during encoding information is embedded in to memory

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Retrieval

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Refers to locating information in storage and accessing that information

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Autobiographical memory

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refers to memory for events and topics related to your own everyday life. (Similar to episodic, but this is more inaccurate and can be altered)

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Levels-of-processing approach

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argues that deep, meaningful kinds of information processing lead to more permanent retention than shallow sensory kinds of processing.
Better chance of memory if you know the meaning then the spelling.
(Craik and Lockhart)

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Distinctiveness

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Means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces.
Ex. Trying to remember someones name on the basis of how its different.

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Elaboration

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requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts

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Self-Reference Effect

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You will remember more information if you try to relate it to yourself.

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Encoding specificity Principle

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which states that recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context.

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How can emotion and mood influence cognitive processes?

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1. We typically remember pleasant stimuli more accurately than other stimuli
2. We typically recall material more accurately if our mood matches the emotional nature of the material , an effect called *Mood Congruence.*

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Pollyanna Principle

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states that pleasant items are usually processed more efficiently and more accurately than less pleasant items

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Explicit Memory

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Conscious recall of a memory, such as on a test.

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Implicit Memory

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Unconscious recall of memory, seeing someone fall and remembering a time when a friend did.

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Priming

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Word cues that increases the likelihood of recalling another similar word, such as seeing thorn and remembering the word rose.

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Amnesia

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Server deficits in their episodic memory. Usually happens when damage to the hippocampus occurs

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Retrograde Amnesia

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loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage

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Anterograde Amnesia

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loss of memory for events that have occurred after brain damage.
Antero/Amnesia/After
A.A.A

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Schema

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consists of your general knowledge or expectation, which is distilled from your past experiences with an event or a person.

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Consistency Bias

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during recall we tend to exaggerate the consistency between our past feelings and beliefs with our current viewpoints.
Ex. Think about how i felt about drugs in middle school compared to now. We tell schemas due to our views on life now.

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Source Monitoring

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When you try to identify the origin of memories and beliefs.
Ex. "remembering" returning something, when it's actually still at home, and trying to figure out what really happened.

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Flashbulb memory

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refers to your memory for the circumstances in which you first learned about a very surprising and emotionally arousing event.

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Eyewitness memory

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+2000 people are wrongfully convicted a year based on eyewitness.
Line-ups should be given one by one so you don't confuse people easily

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Wagenaar

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Kept diary for six years, recorded who, what, when, where things happened.
Tested himself up to 5 years using 1-3 cues. Time cues was poor

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Conway & Berkerian

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People remember their life through *themes*
8th grade year
when i lived in florida

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Types of explicit memory tests

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Free Recall: recall words you studied
Recognition test: from the words below select the ones you studied