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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Partial Report Procedure
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*Flash a table of letters and indicate which row the person needs to remember
*We select much more than our eyes see, we could have said any row, at some point all the info was there |
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Sensory Storages
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*Iconic Memory: Visual system, has unlimited capacity but only remembers them for a fraction of a second (partial report)
Echoic Memory: for auditory system. we hear everything but the info is only there for a fraction of a second (same as partial report) |
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Shadowing Technique
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*Person gets a message in one ear and another in another ear. Asked to pay attention to one ear. Can notice basic features like male to female change or voice to music in the unattended ear but nothing else.
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Rehearsal
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*When you are keeping info in short term memory by repeating it. The amount you rehearse it doesn't make it go into longterm
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Attkinson-Shiffrin Model
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*Information enters sensory input, if you attend to it info enters short term memory. Info goes into longterm memory only if rehearsed, if no rehearsal it is forgotten
*WRONG |
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Serial Position Curve
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*Give people a list of items to remember then have them repeat then write down the list
*People tend to remember the first few (primacy effect) and last few (recency effect) when given a list of words |
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Selective Interference
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*Fast presentation disrupts primacy and middle, you have less time to encode each item
*Filled delay (give them a list but make them do another task before writing it down) wipes out recency *Brain damage:can either disrupt STM but leave LTM intact or anterrograde amneasia can wipe out LTM (Primacy and middle) |
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Digit Span
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*How many numbers you can remember- varies across language
*welsh remember fewer, chinese remember more. Probably due to phonological similarity effect |
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Phonological similarity effect
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*Use all the same speech sound and performance is worse
*Cat, hat, bat sat- they are too similar and we can't remember as many |
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Word Length Effect
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*Articulation matters: longer words are harder to remember because it takes us longer to say them
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The "Phonological" Loop theory of verbal working memory
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*Explanation for word length and phonological similarity effect
*You have storage buffers that hold speech and sound that you say over and over *During rehearsal, information cycles between Wernicke's and Broca's |
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Working Memory for sign language: shape similarity effect and length effect
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*Hand shape similarity effect: hand shapes that are similar in shape/location are harder to remember
*Length Effect: signs that take longer to produce are harder to remember |
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Visual working memory vs. Spatial working memory
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*These are 2 separate subsystems of visuospatial WM
*visual- memory for shapes objects and colors *Spatial- for location |
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Central Executive
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*Makes decisions about what to hold in working memory, manipulates info in wm, and allocates resources to visual or verbal wm
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Levels of Processing
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*deep encoding (thinking about the meaning of something) results in better memory than shallow encoding (thinking about what a word sounds like or what letters make it up)
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Cued Recall
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*Showing a list of words, then cuing the person by asking them if there was a specific word (ex. train)
*44% correct if you ask "was there a word that meant locamotive" (deep encoding) *17% if you ask "was there a word that sounded like rain" (shallow encoding) if the hint was meaning based |
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Elaborative Encoding
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*Important in long term memory
*Encoding that goes beyond the info given: links new information to old resulting in better memory (Ex. laundry paragraph before title and after title) |
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Semantic Networks
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*Elaborate Encoding
*Multiple retrieval paths are better: the more you elaborate and more connection you build the more easily you will find what your looking for *Canary: you know what it is by knowing things about it- its a bird, pet, yellow, sings (and we know different things about each one of those words- different pathways) |
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Advantages to multiple retrieval pathways
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*its better because its easier to learn things that you already know stuff about, the more connection you have the easier to add more information
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Chunking
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*presotred units of knowledge efficient for encoding and can be "unpacked later"
*Its easier to remember chunks of letters (NBC, PHD, CBS) than individual letters *Chess players chunk meaningful positions into larger units |
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Schemas & Scripts
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*Apply to familiar situations & help us navigate our daily lives
*Schemas = framework for familiar situations, expections, help you complete a pattern (you see a toaster, oven, sink and you think kitchen because it fits your kitchen schema) *Scripts: schemas with action- familiars patterns of interactions with people- restaurant script (you enter, get seated, get menus, order, etc.); this is what happens in culture shock, the scripts are different |
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Mnemonic Techniques
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*Tricks for helping you encode things, find some way to elaborite it and you will remember it better (doesn't improve memory)
*Ex. Acronyms, rhymes, sentences, etc. (please excuse my dear aunt sally) |
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Infantile Amnesia
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*Nobody remembers memories from first year of life
*Explanations: no elaborative encoding because there is nothing to connect to yet |
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Encoding specificity
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*Elaborative encoding isn't the whole story
*Best when.... *Transfer appropriate memory: when context of encoding matches context at retrieval (expect a multiple choice & get a multiple choice) *Context dependent memory: study underwater, you should take a test underwater (the context you study in matters) *state dependent memory: need to have the same internal state (study happy take test happy) |
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Flash bulb memory
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*Claim: when dramatic important events happen, you have vivid details of the moments: captured like a picture
*Truth: these memories are not always accurate but highly emotional events are remembered better than neutral events |
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Memory for emotional events
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*Hypothesis 1: emotion heightens memory encoding
*Hypothesis 2: emotions narrow attention (Weapon focus) |
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Weapon Focus
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*eye catching thing is the central focus but periphrial memory is not enhanced, emotions draw attentions away from other details of the situation
*when a person gets robbed they can't describe the person but can describe the gun |
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Semantic Clustering
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*grouping similar words together (plants & animals)
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Intrusion Error
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*when given a list of related words, you might remember another related word that wasn't actually there (think needle)
*needle is so primed we think we heard it |
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Memory as a reconstructive process
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*we don't replay memories we reconstruct them
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Actual memory state (actual episodic trace)
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*We remember real things from real events, but fill in the gaps by perceptual completion effect, unpacking chunks, and assumptions
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Perceptual Completion (boundary extension)
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*carrying over into memory: memory can fill in stuff we didn't actually see
*Ex. see a picture of trash cans but one of them only half is showing, when we redraw it we draw the whole trash can |
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Unpacking "Chunks"
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*Chess players chunk a whole move together but can then break it down to piece by piece where it goes
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Reconstructing Memory: Assumptions based on schemas scripts, general world knowledge
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*You wait in an office and are asked to describe stuff in the room. People often will say books even though there weren't any due to office "schema"
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Reconstructing memory: misinformation effect
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*misinformation affects people's report of own memory
*how fast was the car going when it smashed into the other cas vs. how fast was it going when it hit the other car (people report it going faster for first question), mug shots |
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Misinformation Effect: Leading Questions
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*when you ask what type of car was it that ran through the stop sign? and show a picture with a yield sign and stop sign, people will report that it was a stop sign even though the car really ran through a yield sign
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Misinformation Effect: Mug shots line up imagination
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*People see mugshots multiple signs, this increases familiarity and suddenly are positive they know which face it was that they saw.
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Imagination: Reality monitoring
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*trying to remember if you actually did something or just thought about it (did i pay the rent or just think about it)
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Imagination Inflation
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*When you're told to imagine doing something and then asked later if you actually did it, people will report actually doing it (match example)
*the more you ask a child if something happened the more likely they will say it did |
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False Memory Syndrome
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*A person's ID and relationships are affected by memories that are factually incorrect but strongly believed. Sometimes the result of "recovered memory therapy" which is prone to create confabulations
~memories can be altered by outside influences ~Adults claiming they were abused as children |
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False Memory/Recovered Memory Debate
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*Memories for traumatic events can be repressed, but it is unlikely that they can later be recovered intact.
*Techniques used by therapists to recover memories can induce false memories |
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Therapist Technique to Recover memories (3)
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*Authority and Social Influence: I'm the professional and I think you were abused
*Guided Imagery: Suppose you were abused...picture what might have happened *Hypnotism: increases suggestibility and not memory accuracy |
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Free Recall vs. Serial Recall
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*Free Recall: write down the list of words you saw in any order
*Serial recall: Write down the list of words in the order you saw them |
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Immediate vs. Delayed recall
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Cued Recall
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*Give hints that help to recall something
*Cued Recognition: multiple choice test |
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Testing memory: Saving on relearning
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*It takes less time to relearn information a second time, even if you completely forgot
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Consolidation
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*Longterm memory consolidates gradually and can fade or be disrupted before complete consolidation
~ex. recovering for amnesia after a concussion: can't remember hour before accident because you didn't have time to consolidate that information *reactivating a memory helps to consolidate it: every time you think about it it is re-consolidated which strengthens the process |
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Proactive & Retroactive interference (Memory consolidation)
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*Proactive: study for french then study for spanish then take spanish test. French interferes. First interferes with second material
*Retroactive: the language you studied second interferes with the one you studied first |
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Distributed vs. Massed Practice
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*Better to revisit things several times in little bits, and not cram
*spreads out activation & repeated consolidation |
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Permastore
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*Memories that stick around and are permanent memories
*If you remember something 3-5 yrs later you will remember it for the rest of your life |
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Retrieval interference (Blocking)
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*The process of remembering the first things on the list gets in the way of remembering the rest (ex. name 7 dwarfs- its easy to remember the first 4 but difficult to remember the last ones)
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Tip of the Tongue State
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*People often know the first letter or even number of syllables of a word the are looking for
*access to word is not totally blocked, almost there but can't quite get it |
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Implicit (Procedural) memory
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*Knowing how (i know how to play a guitar)
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Explicit (Declarative) Memory
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*Knowing that: something you know or experienced put in words
*Semantic memory: generic knowledge- i know what a guitar is *Episodic memory: special life events- i remember my first guitar) |
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Anterograde Amnesia
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*Inability to form new longterm memories
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Anterograde Amnesia & Spared Implicit Memory: Word Fragment Completion
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*People shown a long word like flamingo, take away and get them to do word fragment completion. F_A_ _I N_ OThey get the ones they saw previously more than the ones they hadn't seen
*same for normal and people with amnesia |
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Anterograde Amnesia & Spared Implicit Memory: Picture Fragmentation Identification
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*people shown a fragmented picture, provided more lines until they see what the pic is.
*Go away come back and even though they can't tell you what they saw before if shown the fragmented picture again they get it faster |
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Anterograde Amnesia & Spared Implicit Memory: Mirror Tracing
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*Draw star while only being able to look at hand in mirror while tracing. Over time people get better
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Anterograde Amnesia & Spared Implicit Memory: Tower of Hanoi
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Stack rings, transfer from pegs with certain rules. The more times they did it the better they got
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Patient HM
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Henry Molaison: surgery for epilepsy in 1958 removed hypocampus on both sides
*developed anterograde amnesia: inability to store new explicit memory |
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Types of Implicit Memory: Classical Conditioning
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*Pavlov's dogs
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Types of Implicit Memory: Operant conditioning
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*Bribes work: Behaviors followed by reward will likely be produced again
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Types of Implicit Memory: Perceptual fluency
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Pattern Recognition: word and picture fragmentation completion
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Types of Implicit Memory: Motoric SKills
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*Mirror Tracing
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Types of Implicit Memory: Mental Procedures
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*Tower of Hanoi
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What makes a language a language: Generativity
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*has infinite possibilities from finite means. Words formed from small sets of sound. Sentences from finite set of words
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What makes a language a language : Referentiality
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*Words refer to things, actions or ideas, they are about something. Sentences refer to states of affairs
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What makes a language a language : Inventing New terms
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*If you can think it you can name it
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What makes a language a language : Combinatory structure
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*Role of word in sentence matters: She gave it to him vs. he have it to her. Same words but order matters
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What makes a language a language : Shared by a linguistic community
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Shared meanings of words & rules of sentence structure
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What makes a language a language : Compatible with human cognitive system,
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*Produced easily and naturally, acquired naturally in childhood w/out active teaching
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Things that are not language: nonverbal communication
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*Facial expressions, body language, gesture, pointing, pantomime, charades
*No generativity or combinatorial structure *Yes: referentiality, capacity to invent new words, shared by community, compatible w/ cog system |
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Things that are not language : symbol systems
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*Math, formal logic, computer programming
*Yes/Maybe: Generativity, referentiality, displaced reference, combinatory structure, shared Capicity to invent new- restricted *NO- compatible w/ cog system |
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Things that are not language : Animal communication
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Bee Dance, Vervet Monkey Calls, Ape sign/sign boards (Kanzi)
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Proto-Indo-European
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*Source of all european languages, 1st language family
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Language Families
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*Indoeuropean, Basque, Turkic, Finno-Ugric
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Language Diversity & Change
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*Language Drift: if a pop is isolated the language will change from the main pop
~Vocab, grammar, pronunciation drifts *Borowing: Borrowing from other languages (Pajama comes from Hindi) *Creolization: 2 language communities come into contact, neither is dominant. A pigin forms and then the pidgin becomes creolized |
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Dialects vs. Languages
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*Dialects: one dialect may have greater political/social status but no dialect has greater linguistic status
*Language is a dialect w/ an army |
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Mutual Intelligibility
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*Chinese dialects are not mutually intelligible, although swedish and norwegian are.
*Mutual intelligibility is an arbitrary line |
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Myths of "real" version on language
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there is no such thing as a real or pure language because language is constantly changing.
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prescriptive vs descriptive rule
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Prescriptive rule: artificially imposed by some authority, must be taught but can be socially useful
Descritive ruel: rules that describes how the language actually works, describes regularities and acquired naturally and studied by linguists |
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phonology
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units of sound, one of the three levels of grammar
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morphology
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one of three levels of grammar, units of meaning
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syntax
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surface vs. deep, one of three levels of grammar,
*sentence structure, like who did what to who, *surface structure - what order are the words Ex. they are frying chicken, those ppl are frying the chickens *deep structure - how the words are related conceptually, the role of each word, effects how we interpret the sentence ex they are frying chicken - meaning they are literally a fried chicken |
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necessary and sufficient conditions
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*From concepts and categories
one way to cateogrize by using a dictionary approach, something has to meet certain criteria ex - bachelor- unmarried, adult, human, male This is a problem when you have a concept like "game" |
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Prototype and resemblance
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*From concepts and categories
*sometimes we categories base on resemblance to a prototype Ex- we have a mental idea of what a typical dog is, and we compare new example to this prototype to see if it fits in the category. *graded category membership - some members are better (doggier) than others. *fuzzy boundaries- not always clear when you cross the line into not being a member i.e. a jackal, dingo, wolf. |
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Categorizing by causal history and functional role
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Causal - categorize by how and where it was made (or who) ex - a dollar bill is one because the feds made it.
*functional role - categorize by what it does, a toaster a toaster because it toasts bread. |
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Problems with prototype theory
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*do fuzzy boundary mean there are no boundaries, how can the mind know when there is a boundary
*relies on there being one prototype but there are things call *disjunctive categories - ex: to fit into group you need this and this characterist and this, or this and this. To be a brady you have to be blonde and female or brunette and male. there is no "average" brady *children will categorize correctly ever without physical resemblance. they will put a hawk and flamingo together but not a hawk and a bat. |
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Bounded Rationality
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attempts to explain why ppl arnt always rational, because getting right answer requires vast resources, instead we use heuristics statisficing and anchoring and adjustment
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bounded rationality: Heuristics
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these are quick and dirty rules of thumbs:
*availability heuristic - ppl judge likelihood based on how available examples are in their memories ex - which kills more plane crashes or stomach cancers *represtentative heuristic - ppl judge likelihood based on how "typical" an event seems. ex - coin toss |
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bounded rationality: Satisficing
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you stop thinking about a problem when you find an answer that is good enough
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bounded rationality: anchoring and adjustment
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ppl make estimate by adjusting away from an answer that they know is wrong but dont adjust far enough because anchor sticks to them
ex - how many African countries are there (not 200) |
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bounded rationality: confirmation bias
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ppl look for evidence that confirms a rule
ex- the card flip, |
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bounded rationality: functional fixedness
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ppl fail to see new uses for familiar objects, we get in ruts and think that things can only be used in certain ways.
Ex - two string problem, dont think pliers can be used as a weight. |
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task of the central executive
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allocating attention, prioritizing goals, making decision/choices, thinking ahead and anticipating consequences, self regulation, inhibiting irrelevant thoughts and actions
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Evidence for the roles of the frontal lobes in the central executive
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*frontal lobes are disproportionally large in humans and we do the most executive functioning
*frontal lobes light up more with heavy executive load *patient with frontal lobe damage have problems executive funcitons |
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Automaticity
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overlearned behaviors ( skills, habits) that you can practically do in your sleep, little thinking is required
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Phinneas Gage
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*frontal lobe severally damaged by railroad spike
*entire personality changes *lost executive functioning, lost self-control |
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Frontal lobe damage: perseveration
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*say the same thing multiple times without realizing it ex- name animals, dog, horse, fish, dog
*gets started on something and cant stop Ex- copy a simple shape like a C so it looks like a string of C's Ex- Wisconsin card sort task: set of cards, need to be sorted by rules and they can do it fine, but then rule is changed and the person cannot make the rule switch |
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Frontal lobe damage: utilization behavior
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if you give them something they know how to use they will start using it. Even in unappropriated situations
ex- see glasses and wants to put them on even though they may already have glasses on |
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Frontal lobe damage: Difficult organizing goals and tasks
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cant organize goals and tasks because that uses higherarchicle but if you tell them what to do they can do it just fine
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Frontal lobe damage:Frontal patient are stimulus bound
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Behaviors are triggered directly by stimuli
*inability to inhibit behavior suggested by stimuli *inability to stop once started *inability to go beyond stimulus to form higher order or long term plans - "normals" on autopilot are also stimulus bound |
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4 myths about sign language
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*sign language is gesture and mime - some signs are iconic but many aren't but even iconic signs aren't transparent
*sign language is universal - but there are many different types out there, and not mutually intelligible *sign language is english on the hands - NO it has its own grammatical structure and not based on spoken language, there is sign english and that is different from ALS and way harder to learn *sign language is grammatically and conceptually limitied - sign language is conformed to language universals, and signs for abstract concepts do exist |
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Hearing impaired vs. deaf
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*Hearing impaired - spoken english is primary language, hearing is helped by aids or implants
*Deaf - early defened - ASL is primary and preferred language, and consider themselves apart of def community |
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How do deaf kids learn sign language
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*def parents - learn it from birth
*hearing parents - may learn some signs from parents but really learn ASL from other deaf kids at school |
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Deaf signing communities
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*Deaf signers usually marry deaf ppl
*Socialize in Deaf communities *cluster around deaf schools |
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Classifiers
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Hand shapes that denote and object and show movement
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spatialized pronoun and verb agreement
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location of sign indicates ppl or topic, direction of sign means who is doing action
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Role Shift
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Signer takes on "first person" point of view of the "do-er" to communicate what that person did.
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Facial gestures
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indicates negation, questions, or adverbials.
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Martha's vinyard, Mass
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1700 and 1800 isolated community with a high genetic rates of deafness and majority of the community (deaf or not) knew sign lanuage
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first US deaf school
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1817 - imported french sign language
ALS is based off LSF |
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Drift in sign language
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Sign language drifts just like spoken language does. Old LSF differs form modern LSF and ASL differs form LSF
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Sign languages creolization
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same as in spoken language, with pigeon and gets creolized
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Nicaraguan sign language
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prior to 1980 when a deaf school was created, the deaf community was very isolated,
*at deaf school it was only oral *over time signing became systematic and grammatical |
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ASL w/ poetry, storytelling, and drama
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heightened use of language for artistic expression, uses visual mode rather than sound as the basis for art
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ASL Shakespeare project
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preforming Shakespeare using ASL
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Spoon Bending
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spoons look impossible to bend but aren't
*you can pre-bend it, or bend it without audience looking *Demos of mystical abilities focus on weird useless tasks that are easier than they looks |
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We use 10% of our brain
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*our brain had huge cost, burns 30% of calories, infants born "pre-mature" because head is so large.
*brain imaging showing entire brain activity *all cells are active at some point *we dont use 100% at any given time, patter of activity matters not % *all cells firing at once = seizure |
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Re-birthing
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*Claim: birth process is a psychological trauma that effects us through life, through re-birth we can be healed
*Why not true: re-experiencing trauma does not make it go away, early trauma may have permanent neurological effects *baby mammals are well designed for birth, skulls not fused |
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Zoe D. Katze
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*Claim: credentials mean you have the skills to practice psychotherapy
*Made up edu. background and applied to more and more respected organizations. *reported contacted Zoe for "expert commentary" |
