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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognition- definition
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the use or handling of knowledge; mental activity involved in taking sensory information and making sense of it; included are "basic perceptual processes": attention, selection, discrimination, sequencing, memory, association and analysis
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neuropsychology
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the relationship between brain and behavior
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clinical neuropsychology
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the relationship between brain damage and behavioral/cognitive impairment
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cognition and communication includes
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memory, attention, sequencing, executive function, "verbal intelligence" and "verbal problem solving"
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amygdala
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"emotional memory"
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cingulate gyrus
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autonomic functions regulating heart rate and blood pressure; competing and selective attention, learning, memory, as well as cognitive and attentional processing (around corpus callosum)
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hippocampus
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formation of long-term memories
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thalamus
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alertness; motor and sensory interpretation and modulation (subcortical
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hypothalamus
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regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release. affects and regulates blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle (between thalamus and brainstem)
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mamillary body
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important for the formation of memory
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nucleus accumbens
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"pleasure center"
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frontal cortex
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required for decision making
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parahippocampal gyrus
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plays a role in the formation of spatial memory
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hormones released during stress and anxiety
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cortisol, epinephrine, cortical hormones; * attention is diverted to survival, preventing higher level processing
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sympathetic nervous system
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fight or flight
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parasympathetic nervous system
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rest and digest
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S&M principles of cognitive rehab
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1. cognitive rehab is informed by medical and neuropsychological diagnosis, but is based on an ever-evolving formation of the individual client's needs and his or her problems and strengths from physical, cognitive, emotional, and social perspectives; 2. CR is goal-oriented and whil problem-focused, biulds on strengths; 3. therapeutic alliance among the therapist, client and family members/carefivers
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CR goals may include
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1. improving cognitive and behavioral skills. 2 compensating for cognitive and behavioral limitations; 3. assists clients in adjusting to injury-related changes in functioning and in life circumstances; 4. eclectic
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CR for TBI
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1. restorative approaches: aim to speed up and/or maximize the amt of recovery in the various cognitive domains; 2. compensatory approaches: environmental structuring and/or strategies that allow pts to "compensate" for cognitive-behavioral deficits
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orientation
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refers to the level or degree of confusion; disorientation to person, place, time, and circumstance is directly related to deficits of attention and memory in TBI
--typically, orientation to person occurs before place and circumstance, time is usually the last to stabilize |
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post traumatic amnesia (PTA)
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related to orientation;
-indicator of severity of neurological damage; - PTA= length of time post onset where no new learning occurs; - it includes the period of coma and extends until the pt's attention and memory for ongoing events becomes reliable, consistent and accurate |
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test of orientation and amnesia
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Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test;
-common scale to evaluate PTA -tests orientation to person, place, time, and circumstance |
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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Evaluates eye opening, verbal response, and motor responding; scores range from 3-15; 13-15= mild injury; 9-12= moderate; 8 or less= severe
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mini mental status exam
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ask patient "what is the year? where are we? say these words... count backwards..."
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treatment of disorientation
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involves mostly compensatory measures such as frequent provision of information by staff; no data to support practice recalling orientation info; evidence that having orientation info visible can reduce agitation; treating attention may have an effect on lessening periods of confusion/ agitation
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attention involves the concepts of
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capacity and control
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capacity: amt of info a person can attend to in a given period; person is unable to attend to as much info in a particular time
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control
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control (attn)
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ability to focus one's attention, stay on task, and shift one's attention from one thing to another
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types of attention
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focused; sustained; selective; alternating; divided
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Rancho level 1
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no response; no response to external stimuli- true coma
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Rancho level 2
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generalized responses; semi-coma; generally gives the same behavioral response for any type of stimuli
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Rancho level 3
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localized responses; localized but purposeful response, some differential responding to stimuli, occasionally follows a command
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Rancho level 4
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confused-agitated; applied to the pt who is disoriented to time, place, and circumstance of hospitalization, may become agitated/aggressive for no apparent reason in response to being overstimulated/confused; pts have severe memory, attentional and reasoning/problem solving deficits
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Rancho level 5
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confused-inappropriate; confused, but not agitated, remain disoriented to time and sometimes place/circumstance, responding to simple commands, can do most routine/simple ADLs with supervision, memory and new learning is severely impaired
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Rancho level 6
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confused-appropriate; most problems result from impaired recent memory/new learning, impaired attention skills, poor safety judgment and poor executive functioning; can complete ADLs with less supervision; continue to need 24 hr supervision due to poor judgment and occasional confusion
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Rancho level 7
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automatic-appropriate; pt is oriented to time and place consistently, can complete ADLs w/o supervision, cont to have some difficulty with new learning, problem solving and judgment which makes going back to work difficult and being independent
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Rancho level 8
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purposeful and appropriate; responding is characterized by some significant improvement in new learning, reasoning skills, safety judgement, and in independence; although pt usually cont to have focal memory problems, poor stress tolerance, and difficulty with higher level problem solving
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Changes in language with healthy aging
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-anomia increases
-vocab knowledge stable or increases -sentence structure becomes simpler -comprehension related to presbycusis and working memory deficits -reading/writing, motoric and visual-perceptual impact -pragmatics |
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language and healthy aging
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anomia increases
vocab knowledge stable or increases sentence structure becomes simpler comprehension related to presbycusis and working memory deficits reading/writing, motoric and visual-perceptual impact; pragmatics |
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attention and aging
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immediate attention: little or no age effect on auditory or isual span tasks
sustained attention: acuracy decreases for both young and older individuals over time divided attention: young and old are poorer when two tasks are similar; older are slower and make more errors than younger |
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age-associated memory impairment
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-over 50 yrs
-complaints of memory -at least 1 SD below mean for young adults -up to 84% of older population does not experience measurable decrease in memory function |
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types of memory that aging affects less
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-semantic
-procedural -immediate -remote -recognition |
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types of memory affected in aging
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-episodic memory
-recall |
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aging and problem-solving
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-more experience/experts
-expertise enables scripts -fast and personalized problem solving -top-down |
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prsbyopia
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reduced ability of the older eye to accommodate or adjust focus to see objects clearly at any distance
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cataract
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decrease in transparency of the lens
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glaucoma
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build up of pressure within the eye
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macular degeneration
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degeneration of the macula results in impaired central vision. can result in blindness
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information processing model applied to memory
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sensory input goes to -- sensory register-- short-term memory--- long-term memory
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forgetting can happen at
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sensory register or short-term memory level and rehearsal must happen at short-term memroy to stay
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working memory
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ability to store and manipulate info for the first 0-30 seconds;
-mechanism for short-term holding and computational processes; -includes both immediate aspects of simple attention and more complex manipulation that is needed to hold and process info simultaneously; 3 components: phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad; central executive. |
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transfer of memory
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paying attention to info is enough to tranfer it fr sensory register to STM; control processes may be applied to info once in STM; rehearsal and chunking are examples.
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long-term memory
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not simply a more durable version of STM;
different kind of memory store (form, way info is recalled, reasons that forgetting occurs; physical location of function) |
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types of long-term memory
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procedural; semantic; episodic
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