Cognition And Learning

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Cognitive Psychology

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The study of the mental processes people use to modify,make meaningful, store, retrieve, use, and communicate to others the information they receive from the environment.

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Information-Processing System

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This receives information, represents information through symbols, and manipulates those symbols.

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Thinking

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Is described as part of an information processing system in which mental representations are manipulated in order to form new information.

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Reaction Time

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This is the amount of elapsed time between the presentation of a physical stimulus and an overt reaction to that stimulus.

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Evoked Brain Potentials

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These are small temporary changes in voltage that occur in the brain in response to stimuli.

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Cognitive Maps

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These are mental representations of familiar parts of your world.

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Images

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These are visual pictures represented in thought.(i.e. Cognitive Maps)

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Narratives

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These are stories (these make up most of our memory)

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Concepts

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These are basic units of thought or categories with common properties.

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Artificial Concepts

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These are concepts that are clearly defined by a set of rules or properties.

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Natural Concepts

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These are defined by a general set of features, not all of which must be present for an object to be considered a member of the concept.

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Prototype

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This is the best example of a natural concept.

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Schemas

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These are mental representations of familiar sequences.

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Scripts

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These are mental representations of familiar sequences, usally involving activity.

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Propositions

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These are the smallest units of knowledge that can stand as separate assertions

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Mental Models

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These are clusters of propositions that represent people's understanding of how things work.

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Reasoning

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This is the process whereby people make evaluations, generate arguments, and reach conclusions.

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Formal Reasoning (Logical Reasoning)

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This is the collection of mental procedures that yield valid conclusions.

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Algorithms

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These are systematic procedures that always produce solutions to problems.

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Rules of Logic

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These are sets of statements that provide a formula for drawing valid conclusions about the world.

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Syllogisms

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These components of the reasoning process, are arguments made up of two propositions, called premises, and conclusions about the world.

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Informal Reasoning

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This is used to assess the credibility of a conclusion based on the evidence available to support it.

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Heuristics

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These are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb used to solve problems.

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Anchoring Heuristics

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This is a method of estimating an event's probability by adjusting a preliminary estimate in light of new information rather than by starting again from scratch.

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Representativeness Heuristic

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This involves judging that an example belongs to a certain class of items by first focusing on the similarities between the example and the class and then determining whether the particular example has essential features of the class.

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Availability Heuristic

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This involves judging the probability of an event by how easily examples of the event come to mind .

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Mental Sets

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These occur when knowing the solution to an old problem interferes with recognizing a solution to an new problem.

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Functional Fixedness

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This occurs when a person fails to use a familiar object iun a novel way in order to solve a problem.

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Conformation Bias

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This is a form of the anchoring heuristic.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

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This is the study of how to make computers "think" like humans, including how to program a computer to use heuristics in problem solving.

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Expert Systems

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These are computer programs designed to solve specific types of problems.

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Utility

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of an attribute is its subjective, personal value.

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Expected Value

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This is the likely benefit a person will gain if he or she makes a particular decision several times.

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Group Polarizations

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This is the tendency of groups to make extreme decisions.

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Language

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This is composed of two elements: symbols, such as words and a grammar.

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Grammar

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This is a set of rules for combining symbols, or words, into sentences in a language.

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Phonemes

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These are the smallest units of sound that affect the meaning of speech.

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Morphemes

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These are the smallest units of language that have meaning.

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Words

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These are made up of one or more morphemes.

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Syntax

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This is a set of rules that dictates how words are combined to make phrases and sentences.

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Semantics

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This is the set of rules that governs the meaning of words and sentences.

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Surface Structures

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These of sentences are the order in which the words are rearranged.

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Deep Structure

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These of a sentence is an abstract representation of the relationships expressed in a sentence, or, in another words, its various meanings.

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Babblings

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These are the first sounds infants make that resemble speech.

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One-Word Stage

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This part of speech is that period when children use one word to cover a number of objects and frequently make up new words.

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Telegraphic

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This type of speech describes the nature of sentences formed by 18 -24 months-year-old children.

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Confirmation Bias

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This is a form of the anchoring heuristic