Cog Sci Midterm 1

Front 1

Induction

Back 1

argument from
particular experiences to
universal truths

Front 2

Deduction

Back 2

argument from
known truths to other truths

Front 3

Syllogisms

Back 3

A syllogism is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two or more others (the premises) of a specific form. (A = B, B = C, A=C)

Front 4

Leibniz

Back 4

His dream was to find a language “that perfectly represents the
relationships between our thoughts”

Front 5

Boole's Algebra

Back 5

In ordinary algebra
 xx = x only when x = 0 since 0x = 0 ; 0 contains no objects or x = 1 since 1x = 1 1 contains all objects
 “[T]he algebra of logic [is] precisely what
ordinary algebra would become if it were
restricted to the two values 0 and 1.”

Front 6

Frege’s Propostitional Logic

Back 6

A different way of formalizing Boole’s logic for statements
 For two propositions (=statements) X and Y
 X A Y means “X and Y”
 X V Y means “X or Y” (including X and Y)
 X -> Y means “if X then Y”
 -X means “not X

Front 7

First Order Logic

Back 7

Instead of propositions, use predicates to denote
properties of objects
 P(a), where P is a predicate and a is an object
 e.g. Hairy(rex), where rex is the name of a dog

Front 8

universal quantifier

Back 8

(“for all”)

Front 9

existential quantifier

Back 9

(“for some”,“there exists”)

Front 10

“Entscheidungsproblem”

Back 10

Can we make a machine
that takes statements in
first-order logic as premises
and indicates whether a
conclusion is true or false?

Front 11

Universal Turing Machine

Back 11

Turing machine that can be programmed to
simulate any other Turing machine

Front 12

Availability Bias

Back 12

An availability bias occurs when we overweigh evidence that comes easily to mind. This could be recent evidence or what we perceive as meaningful events
(School Shootings OR bat & ball)

Front 13

Representative Bias

Back 13

an individual categorizes a situation based on a pattern of previous experiences or beliefs about the scenario.

Linda the feminist bank teller

Front 14

Confirmation Bias

Back 14

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to selectively search for and consider information that confirms one's beliefs.
Watch only fox news, arthritis

Front 15

The Paradox of Choice

Back 15

More choices are worse
More options to evaluate so more time and effort
More options to turn down
More things to regret

Front 16

Social Factors

Back 16

Fairness
Ultimatum Game

Front 17

Disounting

Back 17

Given two similar rewards, humans show a preference for one that arrives sooner rather than later. Humans are said to discount the value of the later reward, by a factor that increases with the length of the delay.
Fruit vs chocolate

Front 18

Somatotopy

Back 18

The correspondence between the position of a receptor in part of the body and the corresponding area of the cerebral cortex that is activated by it.

Front 19

Mind-Body Problem

Back 19

If minds and bodies are different kinds of things, how does...

Information get to the mind from the senses
The mind cause the body to act

Front 20

Dualism

Back 20

Dualism postulates that mind and body are different.
Man is a rational being with mind. Animals have bodies but no mind.

Front 21

Behaviorism

Back 21

Behaviorism postulates that all knowledge is experiential and that man is no different
in this sense than animals. Behavioral response is acquired only through experience. Different
experiences and contingencies (different environments) lead to differences in behavior.

Front 22

Chomsky’s critique of behaviorism.

Back 22

a) there is insufficient environmental stimulus and insufficient feedback from the caregiver to make the kind of generalizations kids make during language learning (some knowledge isn’t acquired through experience) and b) children are able to produce language they haven’t heard before, suggesting that they represent generalizations that weren’t directly experienced.