Cog Psych Chapter/lecture 2

Front 1

Cognitive Neuroscience

Back 1

The study of the physiological basis of cognition

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Levels of Analysis

Back 2

The idea that a topic can be studied in many different ways

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Neurons

Back 3

Cells that are the building blocks and transmission lines of the nervous system

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Dendrites

Back 4

Branch out from cell body to receive signals from other neurons

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Axons (or nerve fibers)

Back 5

Long process that transmit signals to other neurons

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Nerve Net

Back 6

A network of continuously connected nerve fibers (compare to neural networks)

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Camillo Golgi

Back 7

Developed a staining technique of silver nitrate to see nerve nets

Front 8

Ramon y Cajal

Back 8

Spanish dude who used Golgi Stain and tested on newborn animals rather than adults, since they have a lower density of cells. Introduced ideas of individual neurons, synapses, and neural circuits. Got a nobel prize.

Front 9

Neuron Doctrine

Back 9

The idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these sells are not continuous, unlike in a nerve net

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Cell Body

Back 10

Metabolic centre of the neuron, has mechanisms to keep the cell alive

Front 11

Synapse

Back 11

The small gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron

Front 12

Neural Circuits

Back 12

The groups of interconnected neurons

Front 13

Receptors

Back 13

Nerves specialized to pick up information from the environment

Front 14

Edgar Adrian

Back 14

A man able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons. Got a nobel prize

Front 15

Microelectrodes

Back 15

Mmall shafts of hollow glass filled with conductive salt solution to pick up electrical signals and send them to a recording device

Front 16

Recording electrode

Back 16

Records from inside the neuron

Front 17

Reference Electrode

Back 17

Not in the neuron, acts as a reference.

Front 18

Resting potential

Back 18

The -70 millivolt electrical state a neuron at rest holds

Front 19

Action Potential

Back 19

The +40 millivolt electrical state of a fired neuron

Front 20

Nerve Impulse

Back 20

What happens when the neuron's receptor is stimulated

Front 21

Neurotransmitter

Back 21

A chemical that makes it possible for a signal to be transmitted across the synapse gap

Front 22

Principal of Neural Representation

Back 22

The principal that everything a person experiences is based on representations, not direct stimuli

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Retina

Back 23

The layer of neurons that line the back of the eye

Front 24

Optic Nerve

Back 24

The nerve that sends signals from the eye to the brain

Front 25

Visual Cortex

Back 25

The area at the back of the brain that receives signals from the eye

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Feature Detectors

Back 26

Neurons that respond to specific visual features such as orientation, size, or more complex concepts.

Front 27

Hierarchical Processing

Back 27

The progression of from lower to higher areas of the brain

Front 28

Sensory Code

Back 28

How neurons represent various characteristics of the environment

Front 29

Specificity Coding, Population Coding, Sparse Coding

Back 29

The three theories of Neural Coding

Front 30

Localization of Function

Back 30

Specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

Front 31

Cerebral Cortex

Back 31

Most cognitive function happens here, the wrinkly covering of the brain

Front 32

Neuropsycholoy

Back 32

The study of the behaviour of people with brain damage

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Broca's Area

Back 33

Part of brain in frontal lobe associated with producing language (speaking)

Front 34

Wernicke's Area

Back 34

Part of brain in temporal lobe associated with comprehending language

Front 35

Prosopagnosia

Back 35

Inability to recognize faces

Front 36

Double Dissociation

Back 36

Studying two different brain damages to see that if in one injury function A is broken but function B works, and in another injury function B is broken but function A works, then the associated areas that are injured must be associated with the broken function

Front 37

Doris Tsao

Back 37

Did research on the neurons in a monkey's face that responded to only faces- the face area

Front 38

Voxels

Back 38

Small cube shaped pixel things showing activity on a brain scan

Front 39

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

Back 39

The specific area of the brain that activates when looking at faces

Front 40

Fusiform Gyrus

Back 40

On underside of temporal lobe

Front 41

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

Back 41

Activates when looking at empty and furnished rooms

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Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

Back 42

Activated when looking at bodies and parts of bodies, but not faces

Front 43

Distributed Representation

Back 43

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain at once

Front 44

Neural Networks

Back 44

Groups of neurons or structures connected together

Front 45

Pain Matrix

Back 45

A neural network associated with pain

Front 46

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Back 46

A technique to trace pathways of nerve fibers by detecting how water diffuses along the length of them

Front 47

Single-Cell Recording, Microstimulation, Lesions

Back 47

Measuring brain activity in animals

Front 48

Single-cell recording

Back 48

Microelectrode inserted into brain measures electrical changes

Front 49

Microstimulation

Back 49

Small shocks on a specific area of the brain to see what it stimulates

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Lesions

Back 50

Destroying a part of the brain to see how it affects the animal

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Temporal, Occipitial, Frontal, Parietal

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The Four Lobes

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Temporal Lobe

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Lobe associated with hearing and processing

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Frontal Lobe

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Lobe associated with executive processing (eg. problem solving and decision making)

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Parietal Lobe

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Lobe associated with no singular thing, but involved in attention.

Front 55

Somatosensory Cortex

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Area between Parietal and Frontal Lobe

Front 56

Prefrontal Cortex

Back 56

Associated with consciousness

Front 57

Aphasia

Back 57

Difficulty processing language

Front 58

Franz Gall

Back 58

Thought about why the cortex was crumpled, and found the relation between white/grey matter Also loved Phrenology

Front 59

Gyri and Sulci

Back 59

The bumps and fissues on the brain

Front 60

White Matter

Back 60

Fatty tissue surrounding axons

Front 61

Karl Lashley

Back 61

Wanted to find the area of memory in a cat's brain, and used lesions. Failed.

Front 62

Galvani

Back 62

Thought of electricity in the brain by shocking frogs legs and seeing them twitch

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Roentgen

Back 63

Invented the X-Ray

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Mosso

Back 64

Aware of the brain's need for oxygen rich blood. If neurons are deprived of oxygen they straight up die.

Front 65

Electrochemical Code

Back 65

Axons carry electricity and then neurotransmitter is chemical!!!

Front 66

Temporary lesion

Back 66

Uses chemicals (chemical lesion) or freezing or magnets (TMS) to disrupt brain activity in an area.

Front 67

Berger

Back 67

Put electrodes on his son's scalp and invented what became electroencephalogramEEG (Electric Brain Writing)

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ERP

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Event Related Potential

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EEG

Back 69

Measures brain activity in milliseconds, but bad spacial perception

Front 70

CAT Scan

Back 70

Full of radiation- only useful for measuring internal bleeds and stroke detection

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PET

Back 71

Mostly real time scan, but very expensive and still uses radiation (Annihilation Photons going PCHOOO out of the head and hitting the pet sensors)

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fMRI

Back 72

Easily accessible, cheap, spatially aware- not temporarily efficient.

Front 73

Tomography

Back 73

A scan that slices the brain to give a good spatial view is making use of ____

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Back 74

Form of temporary lesion used to treat depression

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BOLD

Back 75

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Signal- using the level of deoxygenated blood to see where the most brain activity is.