Cog Exam 4

Front 1

a problem consisting of original state, goal state, and rules are clearly specified

Back 1

WELL-STRUCTURED PROBLEMS

Front 2

original state, goal state, or the rules are unclear.

Back 2

ILL-STRUCTURED PROBLEMS

Front 3

solving a previous problem increase the difficulty of solving a problem later.

Back 3

NEGATIVE TRANSFER

Front 4

solving a previous problem facilitates solving a problem later

Back 4

POSITIVE TRANSFER

Front 5

an effort to overcome obstacles obstructing the path to a solution

Back 5

Problem solving

Front 6

rules of thumb that often lead to correct conclusions

Back 6

Heuristics

Front 7

is a method that will always produce a solution to the problem, sooner or later (if it exists). Ie, trying every possible combination until the correct one is reached.

Back 7

algorithms

Front 8

move outward from the problem in a variety of directions...score high on creativity tests

Back 8

Divergent thinking

Front 9

Working towards a single, specific answer

Back 9

Convergent thinking

Front 10

All possible actions that can be attempted to solve a problem.

Back 10

Problem space

Front 11

one way of trying to reduce negative transfer is to set the problem aside

Back 11

Incubation

Front 12

(Entrenchment):keep trying the same solution they have used in previous problems.

Back 12

Mental set

Front 13

The function or use we assign to objects tends to remain fixed or stable

Back 13

Fixation

Front 14

belief concerning uniformity of particular characteristics

Back 14

Stereotypes

Front 15

the inability to realize that something known to have a particular use may also be used for performing other functions

Back 15

Functional fixedness

Front 16

reasoning involves reaching a conclusion based upon assumptions that are known to be true.

Back 16

Deductive Reasoning

Front 17

something is LIKELY TO BE TRUE on the basis of past experience, no guarantee that it will be absolutely true.
- Reasoning from specific facts to reach a conclusion that may explain the facts

Back 17

Inductive Reasoning

Front 18

The premises of this state something about the category memberships f the terms. Ie, All cognitive psychs are pianists, all pianist are athletes, therefore, all cognitive psychs are atheletes.

Back 18

Categorical Syllogism

Front 19

people seem to use similarity to some prototypical example rather than probability as the basis for judgment.

Back 19

Conjunction fallacy

Front 20

weighting of utility based on the individual not objective criteria.

Back 20

Subjective Utility

Front 21

goal of human action is to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Back 21

Subjective expected utility theory

Front 22

A strategy for reducting a wealth of information built on bounded rationality and involves picking criteria that is important.

Back 22

Elimination by aspects

Front 23

consider options one at a time and select one as soon as we find one that is satisfactory (meets minimum level of acceptability)
- People do not have unlimited rationality as suggest by previous theories, but not rational.

Back 23

Satisficing

Front 24

“the way options are presented influence the selection.”

Back 24

Framing Effects

Front 25

When use of previous experience can not help us to deduce what might be true; context may activate an appropriate schema.

Back 25

PRAGMATIC REASONING SCHEMAS

Front 26

-Judgment on basis of what is readily brought to mind
-Underestimate a LIKELY EVENT if it never occurred before
Ie, it is easy to remember disasters rather than deaths by nat. causes.

Back 26

AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

Front 27

Start with a first guess and then we make adjustments to that number on the basis of additional information.

Back 27

ADJUSTMENT FROM AN ANCHOR HEURISTIC

Front 28

(creeping determinism): Overconfidence about events that have already happened.

Back 28

Hindsight Bias

Front 29

Sternberg process of complex task involving encoding the problem and formulating a general strategy for attacking the problem(s)
-done more by people with high IQ

Back 29

Global planning

Front 30

Sternberg process of complex task involving forming and implementing strategies for details of the task
-Done more by people with low IQ.

Back 30

Local planning

Front 31

In order to understand intelligence, we need to take a look at the context in which it occurs.
-Different Cultures and experience affect what we know.

Back 31

Contextualists

Front 32

a test that would be fair regardless of culture

Back 32

Cultural Fair testing

Front 33

devising a test that is relevant to a specific culture assessing the appropriate skills and knowledge

Back 33

Culture Relevant tests

Front 34

a process of intelligence time theory in which the speed of gaining access to the long-term memory is assessed.

Back 34

Lexical Access (Hunt)

Front 35

a process of intelligence time theory which tests the time it take to select from among several possibilities.

Back 35

Choice Reaction Time (Jenson)

Front 36

Localized metabolism of glucose.

Back 36

neural efficiency

Front 37

3 level IQ test, testing: Crystalized, Fluid-Analytic, and Short Term Memory

Back 37

Stanford-Binet

Front 38

Component of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory on ability to think abstractly
- Ability to analyze and evaluate ideas.
- What we traditionally think of as intelligence

Back 38

Analytic (Componential) Intelligence

Front 39

Component of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory reflective of creative thinking
- Ability to formulate strageties based on prior experiences

Back 39

Creative (Experiential) Intelligence

Front 40

Component of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory on practical intelligence or "street smarts"
- Ability to adapt to present environment

Back 40

Practical (Contextual) Intelligence

Front 41

intelligence test covering a wide variety of cognitive abilities.

Back 41

Wechsler Intelligence test

Front 42

the attempt by humans to construct systems that show intelligence, and particularly, the intelligent processing of info

Back 42

Artificial Intelligence

Front 43

Chatterbot:
(role of nondirective psychotherapy) Goal: elicit feelings and reflect them back to the patient hopefully so the patient “can figure out what to do about these feelings”

Back 43

Eliza

Front 44

Chatterbot:
(role of paranoid patient of a psychotherapist) Kenneth Colby (1963)

Back 44

Perry

Front 45

AI program designed to teach students. Characterized by:
- REPRESENTATION OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE
- LEARNER’S MODEL
- INSTRUCTIONAL COMPONENT
- INTERFACE

Back 45

Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Front 46

computer program that perform like experts in a particular area of specialty or domain. Consisting of a knowledge base and interference engine.

Back 46

Expert Systems

Front 47

test asking can one distinguish between the performance of a human and a computer?

Back 47

Turing Test