Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are humoral components of the immune system? What are cellular components?
|
Immunoglobulins and complement
-neutrophils, macrophages, b-cells, t-cells |
|
|
Natural barriers to infection include?
|
membranes of nose, throat, urethra, rectum
stomach acid, tears, urine, vaginal secretions |
|
|
What are potential sources of infectious disease?
|
hands, blood, sweat, saliva, nasal secretions, hair, dust, clothing
|
|
|
Infections associated with acupuncture are autogenous and cross-infections. Define.
|
Autogenous: caused by infectious agent px is already carrying (eg e.coli goes from intestines to bladder w/ single needle use)
cross infections: caused by another person or environment (eg Hep-B, HIV, TB) |
|
|
Define bioload.
|
quantity of infectious agent
|
|
|
Infectious agents travel how?
What is the risk factor? |
drops of moisture, dust, body fluids, mechanical surfaces
-risk factor is density of infectious agent...eg hepatitis is high density and will overwhelm the bodie's immune sx |
|
|
Which types of Hep are transmitted through fecal contaminated food/water?
|
A and E
|
|
|
Which types of HEP are transmitted via blood or sexual contact?
|
BCD
|
|
|
HEP-A is common in what conditions?
HEP-A can spread through? Incubation period of HAV? and AVG? |
poor sanitation, overcrowding
fecal contaminated food/water, blood, sexual contact 15-50 days, 28 days avg |
|
|
HAV symptom onset is (). Symptoms include?
How long do they last? |
abrupt
loss of appetite, nausea, fatigue, jaundice, abdominal discomfort, dark urine -less than 2 months |
|
|
Does HAV chronic infection?
Can they be re-infected? What percentage have prolonged or relapsing occurance and how long is the duration? |
No
No 15% 6-9 mos |
|
|
HAV most frequently occurs in what stage of life?
Infections are what severity? Are there complications? |
children
mild, uncommon complications |
|
|
HBV: transmitted via?
HBV can cause? Chronic infection more likely in what populations? Rates of new infection more likely in? |
blood/body fluids
lifelong infection, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, death -infants young children -adults |
|
|
Those infected w/ HBV should not share:
|
eating utensils
razors toothbrushes |
|
|
Who is most at risk for HBV infection?
|
health care workers via needle sticks
those w/ multiple sexual contacts, those who live in crowded or unsanitary conditions, injection drug users, have tattoos, live w/ infected person, hemophelia |
|
|
How long does immunity last for HBV vaccine?
|
over 20 yrs
|
|
|
HBV incubation period is how long?
Where does the virus appear? |
50-180 days
blood, sweat, tears, urine, saliva, feces |
|
|
HBV early symptoms? duration?
|
mild flu-like sx, fever, malaise, anorexia, abdominal pain, joint pain, chills, nausea, rash, diarrhea
-2-6 weeks |
|
|
What percentage infected with HBV have no signs or sx?
Are asymptomatic as infectious? |
30%
yes |
|
|
What percentage of people who have recovered from HBV symptoms are still contagious?
|
70%
|
|
|
What percent of children infected at birth are lifelong carriers? Adults?
|
90% children
5% adults |
|
|
Treatment of HBV: Chronic?
acute? Avoid what lifestyle behavior? Test for what organ? |
chronic: pharmeceuticals, shouldn't be taken by pregnant women
acute: bed rest, fluids avoid drinking test for liver dz |
|
|
HEP-()? is the most chronic bloodborne viral infection in the US.
|
C
|
|
|
What percentage of Americans are chronically infected with HCV?
|
75-85%
|
|
|
Risk factors for HCV infection? At what percentage?
What percentage are co-infected w/ HIV? What is not a risk factor? |
individuals who inject drugs 60%-80 of those infected
-30-50% transfusions/transplants prior to 1992 sexual contact a little 15% occupational hazard via blood mother to baby transmission not a risk factor: acupuncture, tattoo, body piercing |
|
|
What percentage clear HCV with no problems?
What percent will develop chronic infection? What percent will develop chronic hepatitis? |
15-25%
75-85% 60-70% |
|
|
Define chronic HCV infection.
|
the chronic presence of the agent HCV and px immune response
-chronic inflammation of LR which may be caused by chronic infxn -although they may go together, not interchangeable |
|
|
HCV: cirrhosis of the LR occurs in what percentage of px over what range of years?
Hepatocellular carcinoma occurs in what percentage? |
20%
10-20 1-5% |
|
|
T or F
There is a vaccine for HCV. |
F
|
|
|
The incubation period for HCV is?
most cases occur how many weeks post exposure? An infected person is communicable for how long? |
20-90 days
5-10 weeks 1 week after exposure to chronic stage |
|
|
Onset includes and is how severe?
|
insidious
includes anorexia, nausea, vomit, jaundice |
|
|
Tx decisions for hep-c are based on?
tx lasts how long and includes what 2 things? |
LR enzyme levels, genotype of virus, condition of LR, extent of scarring
-tx lasts 24 weeks to 2 years, interferon and ribaviran |
|
|
HDV is?
most cases occur amongst? |
a defective virus that requires concurrent HBV infection for development of dz
-injection drug users and hemopheliacs |
|
|
T or F there is no vaccine for HDV?
|
T
|
|
|
What vaccine is effective for HDV?
|
HBV b/c it is necessary to have HBV to progress HDV
|
|
|
When chronic HBV is accompanied by HDV it may lead to?
mild asymptomatic chronic HBV may lead to? accelerated dz due to? |
severe fulminating hepatitis or
mild, asymptomatic, chronic HBV to more severe process or accelerated dz due to incr. LR scarring |
|
|
Hep E is spread how?
Transmission period range and average? |
fecal-oral transmission
15-60 days, 40 days |
|
|
HEP-E is characterized by what sx?
Severity? What other sx might be present? |
sudden onset malaise, fever, nausea, anorexia
Mild 7-14 days or disabling several months jaundice |
|
|
What percent of pregnant women mortalities Hep-E?
Is there a vaccine? Is infection chronic? |
20%
no no |
|
|
Chronic carriers of hep define?
|
those who continue to shed HEP in body fluids or excretions after infxn
|
|
|
Define chronic persistent hep carriers. Define chronic active.
|
CP: asymptomatic, or few sx, but continues to infect others
ca: progressive, sypmtomatic, damages LR |
|
|
Patients with what types of HEP never develop chronic states?
|
A, E
|
|
|
HEP-B chronic in what percent of infxns?
HEP-C? |
5-10%
75-85% |
|
|
HEP A
Incubation transmission onset vaccine chronic |
15-50 days
fecal-oral abrupt yes no |
|
|
HEP B
Incubation transmission onset vaccine chronic |
50-180
bloodborne insidious yes depends on age group |
|
|
HEP C
Incubation transmission onset vaccine chronic |
20-90 days
bloodborne insidious no 60-70% |
|
|
HEP D
Incubation transmission onset vaccine chronic |
Unknown
Unknown Unknown no Unknown |
|
|
HEP E
Incubation transmission onset vaccine chronic |
15-60 days
fecal-oral abrupt no no |
|
|
HIV: what was the first source of it?
|
african chimpanzee
|
|
|
Biggest most general difference HIV-1 and HIV-2?
|
HIV-2 has slower somewhat milder course
-seems less infectious early on but becomes worse over the course -predominantly found in W. Africa -Few cases in US |
|
|
HIV-() is more easily transmitted and cause of majority global infections, more virulent.
|
1
|
|
|
Most direct method of transmitting HIV?
|
blood to blood contact
|
|
|
Can HIV be spread by casual contact like HBV?
|
no evidence for it
|
|
|
What is casual contact? What is not?
|
touching, hugging, kissing, holding hands
exchange of vaginal secretions, body fluids, semen, blood |
|
|
Risk of transmission btwn px and healthcare workers?
|
low
|
|
|
What is incubation period HIV to AIDS development
|
8-10yrs
|
|
|
How would you determine likelihood of exposure to HBV/HIV?
|
patient blood transfusions
number of sexual partners hx of drug use |
|
|
HIV tests encouraged for who?
|
those in professions of high risk exposure
who have had STDs hx of injection drug-use and shared needle men sex w/ men since 1978 traded sex for drugs food money intravenous injected drugs and multiple partners sexual needle-sharing partners of above women thinking of becoming pregnant |
|
|
HIV targets what cell types?
|
all
incl CD4 (T4) that interrupts cell-mediated response to antigens results in decr. CDR and therefor immune xu |
|
|
AIDS stands for and represents late stage of?
|
acquired immune deficiency syndrome - HIV
|
|
|
AIDS is assessed when?
|
px is HIV seropositive and
has CD4 count below 200 cells per microliter or 1+ AIDS assoc dz |
|
|
Initial HIV infection is sometimes followed by () in what range of time?
About what percent develop AIDS w/in 10 years of contracting HIV? |
febrile illness resembling mono or the flu
2-4 weeks most infectious 50% |
|
|
Most common sx HIV?
|
fever, malaise, body aches, maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, H/A
other: nightsweats, weight loss, diarrhea, persistent cough, flat or raised pigment lesions |
|
|
Those w/ AIDS develop?
|
esophageal candidiasis, cytomegalovirus, Kaposi's carcoma, pneumocystitis
|
|
|
What is the HIV 'wasting dz' presentation of AIDS?
|
chronic diarrhea, severe invol. weight loss, constant/intermittent weakness, fever for 30 days or longer
|
|
|
MRSA stands for? What are 6 prevention strategies?
|
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
1. Hand wash 2. Barriers: gloves, gowns, masks 3.Handle sharps/blood properly 4.avoid contact w/ draining wounds/skin lesions 5.appropriate disinfectants 6.referral of infected px to physician |
|
|
MRSA - you should wait until draining pustules have been seen to by physician until continuing w/ treatment. T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Define antiseptic.
Define aseptic. |
anti: procedures to reduce microbes on skin
as: to reduce infection during invasive procedure like surgery |
|
|
Clean field includes?
|
Space to hold acupuncture equipment, patient's skin, anything that touches skin
|
|
|
Disinfectants should be used on?
|
inanimate objects only
|
|
|
4 basic principles of clean needle technique?
|
1. always wash hands btwn px and before/after needling
2.always use sterile instruments that may break skin 3.always est. clean field before procedure 4. immediately isolate used needles/sharps |
|
|
2 types of infectious agents on skin?
|
resident:
transient: one px to another |
|
|
T or F needles that were opened earlier in the day may be used later in the same day as long as sterility hasn't been compromised?
|
T
|
|
|
T or F seven star can be used on multiple regions of the body without compromising sterility?
|
F - should be used on one region only
|
|
|
T or F cups need to be sterile prior to cupping?
|
F - cupping is not a sterile procedure, cups should be put in bleach tub then washed
|
|
|
Use of gloves is strongly recommended:
|
during bleeding procedures
with patients who have open wounds or weeping exudates -when the doc has cuts, abrasions, chapped skin, hangnails, broken cuticles -when palpating or needling mouth or genital area -when bleeding occurs in course of routine care |
|
|
HBV can survive on smooth surfaces for how long at room temp?
|
more than a week
|
|
|
Osha defines medical waste in terms of blood on a cotton ball how and how should it be disposed?
|
a cotton ball is soaked with blood that can be wrung out = medical waste. Otherwise trash.
|
|
|
T or F practitioners must wash hands between patients.
|
F - it is not realistic b/c of facilities and volume sometimes
however, hands must be decontaminated btwn px |
|
|
When must practitioners wash hands?
|
before work, prior to eating, after restroom use, if they get blood on them or other bodily fluids
|
|
|
If a patient faints?
|
remove all needles, elevate feet, lower head, make sure airways not obstructed, put person on floor maybe
|
