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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurons communicate primarily through _____.
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axonal firing
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Peripheral neurons (sensory/motor neurons) can regenerate; RECENT animal research suggests that even neurons in ___ and ____ may be able to regenerate to a certain extent
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brain and spinal cord
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Neurons are classified either by ____ or ______.
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morphology (# of of axons coming from cell bodies); function
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Types of CNS cells include ___ and ___.
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neurons; glial
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6 Functions of the glial cells include:
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-supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons
-surround neurons to hold them in place -produce myelin -help form blood-brain barrier -act as housekeepers, metabolizing and removing dead neurons -during development,radial glia’ guide migrating neurons |
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Glial cells that form myelin of CNS (Schwann cells form myelin in PNS)are called___.
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oligodendrocytes
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Astrocyte glial cells provide multiple support functions, including:
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1. provide structural support to neurons
2. contribute to metabolism of synaptic transmission 3. regulate ion balance 4. support blood-brain barrier by covering blood vessels in CNS w/ “feet,” which holds the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels in place |
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_________ epithelial cells line brain ventricles and the central canal of spinal cord and assist in secretion and circulation of ____.
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Ependymal; CSF
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______ glial cells swell in rx to brain injury, which is responsible for many sxs of TBI
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astrocytes
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Microglia are small cells that proliferate and act as ___ when tissue ______.
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scavengers; are destroyed
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Four common features of the neuron include:
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cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal synaptic buttons
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__ __come from cell body
some are destined to be secreted as neurotransmitters; others maintain the cell. |
axon proteins;
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Cell energy is manufactured by ____, taking up ____ and breaking it down for energy.
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mitochondria; glucose
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Nissl Bodies are part of the _____comprised of groups of ____ used for protein synthesis.
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cell bocy; ribosomes
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Golgi Apparatus is a membrane-bound structure of the cell body important in packaging _______ and _____ (including neurotransmitters) into _____.
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peptides and proteins into vesicles.
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_____ are extensions of cell body that increase surface area and specialized to ___ info from other cells; have the unique feature to _____.
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Dendrites; receive; grown and change.
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The axon originates in cell body at the transition called ____.Each cell has___ axon(s) sending only one message.
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axon hillock; one
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Many axons are surrounded with _____,a _____),giving a whitish appearance.
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myelin sheath; lipoprotein
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degree and integrity of myelinated axons correlates with the speed and efficiency of ______
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action potential propagation
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Increase of neuronal conduction conferred by ___.
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saltatory conduction
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Myelin sheath is interrupted every 1-2 mm by unmyelinated segment called ,____ which permits the action potential to jump from one ___ to the next.
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Node of Ranvier;node
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_______are the presynaptic portion of the synapse where electrical nerve impulses cause release of neurotransmitters
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terminal buttons or axon termials
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Synapse is the site of __ ___, where electrochemical information that travels acorss axon electrically is then transmitted chemically. Synapses can occur on __, __, or___.
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interneuronal communication;
dendrite, cell body, or axon |
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Neurons show a __ __ when they are inactive: conssists of a slight __ __between inner and outer surfaces of membrane caused by separation of electrically charged ions
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resting potential; electrical imbalance
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Ions are defined as ____.
The four important types of ions are: |
atoms or molecules that have acquired electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
1. organic ions (symbolized by A-) 2. sodium (Na+) 3. potassium (K+) 4. chloride (Cl-) |
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Electrical imbalance can occur b/c axon membrane is ___. Molecules including___ and ___ pass thru membrane constantly. Other chemicals including __, __, and ___can’t cross, so they pass through gates.
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Semipermeable.
oxygen and water; K+, Cl-, NA+ |
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___ ____ is the property of two opposing forces: force of ___ and force of ____.
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membrane potential;
diffusion (molecules distribute themselves equally throughout medium where they’re dissolved); electrostatic pressure (particles w/ same kind of charge repel; different charge attract) |
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Transmission of info between cells dependent on chemicals including ___, ___, and ___.
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neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones
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____ are released by terminal buttons of neurons and detected by receptors in membrane of another cell located short distance away
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neurotransmitters
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_____ are also released by terminal buttons, but secreted in larger amounts and diffuse for longer distances, modulating activity of many neurons in particular area (most composed of peptides)
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Neuromodulators
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Hormones are most produced in ___ glands; cells that secrete hormones release into extracellular fluid and then distributed to rest of body thru bloodstream; only cells that have target cells for particular hormone respond to its presence.
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endocrine
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Not all communication is mediated at the ___ ___; Other parts of the membrane are sensitive to ___ and hormones
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synaptic juncture; neuromodulators
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Two classes of hormones include ___ and ___.
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Peptides and steroids
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links of amino acids including insulin and pituitary gland hormones are called ____.
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peptides
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small fat soluble molecules, including sex hormones and hormones secreted by adrenal cortexare called ____.
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steroids
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In the brain, most synaptic communication is accomplished by two neurotransmitter substances: one called ___with _____ effects and one with called ____ with ___ effects.
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glutamate, excitatory; GABA, inhibitory
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Name the four classifications of neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
Monoamines Amnio Acids Peptides |
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Acetylcholine stmulates the ______. It has a prominent role in ___, influencing ___control. It is the primary transmitter found at ____ ____ (all ____movement is accomplished by release of Ach)
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parasympathetic nervous system; PNS, motor; neuromuscular juncture, muscular
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ACh is found in the CNS and influences ___, ____. amd ____.
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alertness, attention, memory
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ACh is located in the PNS in cells of spinal cord and anterior horn and projects to the ____ muscles.
ACh in the CNS starts in the cell bodies of the __ ___(nucleus basalis, medial septal nucleus, and nucleus of diagonal band) and projects to the ___ ___. |
skeletal; Basal forebrain, cerebral cortex
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ACh is formed by combination of acetyl CoA + choline; in presence of enzyme ___ ____.
Acetylcholine synthesis:ACh does not undergo ___; action is terminated by _____. |
choline acetyltransferase;
reuptake; cholinesterase |
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Neurotransmitter _____plays a role in regulation of mood; control of eating, sleep, and arousal; and pain. It is located in the __ __(in brainstem) and projects to the_______.
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serotonin; Raphe Nuclei and projects to the entire CNS
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Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, LSD, etc. have effects on ____.
__ ___(eg, imipramine, clomipramine) block both Serotonin and ___ uptake |
5HT; tricyclic antidepressants, NE
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ACh has two receptor types: ____(movement)and ____(both found in CNS but ______ predominates there).
_____ (Cognex): is reversible anticholinestrase used to enhance ___ functioning. ___ ____ prevents release of Ach; Black widow spider venom stimulates release; ____ blocks Ach nicotine receptors. |
nicotinic, muscarinic, muscarinic; Tacrine, cognitive; Botulinum toxin; Curare
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_____ is a NT generally associated with ____ disorders and neuropsychiatric problems (schiz, ADHD, tics), as well as modulation of ____.
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dopamine, motor, reward
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Conditions due to defects in dopamine synthesis include ___ and ____.
Excessive dopamine produced by coke, amphetamine, L-dopa; can lead to ___ ___ , and ____ movement disorders. |
PKU, Parkinson's; visual hallucinations, hyperkinetic
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Dopamine is located in cell bodies of the _____ (substantia nigra, pars compacta, and ventral tegmental) and projected to ___, ___, ___, and ___.
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midbrain; striatum, prefrontal, limbic, amygdala
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Three well known pathways of dopamine include:
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nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, mesocortical
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Most ______ work primarily on _____(eg, Haldol, Thorazine, Clozaril, Risperdal), as does _____.
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antipsychotics, dopamine, L-dopa
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How is dopamine synthesized?
The termination process includes _____ and ______. |
Phenyalanine to tyrosine to DOPA to Dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase rate-limiting)
Terminate process: reuptake, monoamine oxidase (MAO), etc. |
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Functions of NT _____are complex, but probably helps regulate mood, memory, hormones, blood flow, and motor behavior. Also thought to increase ____, role in ___behavior and control of ___.
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norepinepherine;vigilance, sexual, appetite
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Norepinepherine located in the ___ ___ (pons)and projected into ______.
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locus ceruleus; projected to the entire CNS
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Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, imipramine, clomipramine) block both ____ and ___uptake.
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serotonin and NE
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___ is a hormone produced by adrenal medulla. Also produced in brain, but minor importance compared with NE. Stimulates ____ division of ANS to produce “flight or fight.
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Epinepherine (adrenalin; sympathetic)
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Three amino acids are ___. ___. and ___.
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GABA, glutamate, glycine
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- Inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord and lower brain
_____ is an amino acid that may play a modulatory role at ___ in cord. It is blocked by ____. |
Glycine, interneurons; strychnine.
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____ project to entire CNS; no mechanism for reuptake once released; deactivated by ____.
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Peptides, enzymes
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Peptide with physiological roles including pain perception, stress, respiratory regulation, temperature control, tolerance development.
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Enkephalin
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____is an amino acide where cell bodies in entire CNS project to entire CNS. Principal ______ transmitter substance in brain and cord.
Implicated in neural plasticity, ___, and ___. Excessive activity associated with ____. |
glutamate, excitatory, learning, memory;excitotoxicity
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Four types of glutamate receptors, one bing ____ receptor.
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NMDA
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GABA cell bodies in entire CNS project to entire CNS. Principal ____transmitter substance in brain and cord. Enhanced activity produces _____, anxiolytic, and ___ effects. Benzodiazepines (eg, diazepam/valium, xanax, ativan) thought to work by ____GABA. Markedly _____ in Huntington’s disease.
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inhibitory; sedative, anticonvulsant; stimulating, decreased
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Peptide that is the mediator of inflammation, as well as a neurotransmitter in primary afferent fibers carrying pain signals.
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Substance P
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_____(aka antidiuretic hormone); acts peripherally to facilitate water reabsorption by kidneys; may play a role in ____consolidation.
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Vasopressin; memory
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Somatostatin is a peptide involved in the modulation of ___, ___, and ___. Also reduced in ____ of Alz pts.
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heat, pain, sleep; cortex
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Angiotensin II is a peptide involved in potent _____ activity in periphery; central actions include stimulation of pressor responses and ____.
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vasoconstrictor; drinking
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