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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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can all things be classified as matter or energy?
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yes
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what is matter?
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anything that occupies space and has form of shape
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what are the 3 states of matter?
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solid, liquid, and gas
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what is all matter composed of?
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atoms
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what atoms make up the human body?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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what is mass?
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constant quantity of matter within a physical object. weight describes mass of an object in a gravitational field
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what is the mass unrelated to gravity
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kilogram
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what is energy?
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the ability to do work
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what is electromagnetic energy?
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xrays, radiowaves, microwaves, visible light, and UV rays
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what are photons?
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packet of electromagnetic energy
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what is needed to transform the mass of matter into different forms?
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energy
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in radiation therapy, electrical energy is used to produced what?
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electromagnetic energy (xray)
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what does nuclear energy release?
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gamma rays (used in Cobalt)
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what is radiation?
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the transfer of energy. energy emitted and transferred through space
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what is ionizing radiation?
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any kind of radiation capable of removing an orbital electron from the atom with which it interacts
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what are some properties of xray photons?
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1. travel in straight lines
2. highly penetrating 3. invisible 4. travel at the speed of light 5. produce scattered radiation 6. fluorescence 7. cause biological damage |
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how do we used x ray and gamma ray radiation?
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use of high level radiation to destroy cells, utilized in treatment of a wide variety of cancers, used to treat some benign conditions
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what are 2 methods to utilize ionizing radiation?
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1. brachytherapy
2. external beam |
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what is brachytherapy?
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delivery of radiation by placing radioactive sources in the patient. may be permanent
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what is external beam?
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use of gamma rays or xrays that originate from an external source directed towards the patient
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what type of electromagnetic energy do linear accelerators and cobalt units emit?
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linear accelerators- x rays
cobalt- gamma rays |
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what are orthovoltage and superficial machines used for?
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treat skin cancers
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what is a linear accelerator? (most common machine)
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charged particles travel in straight lines as they gain energy
used to generate high energy photon or electron beams to treat patients |
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what are the 4 parts of the linear accelerator?
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1. modulator cabinet
2. drive stand 3. gantry 4. treatment couch |
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what is the purpose of the modulator cabinet?
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contains components that monitor and distribute stuff to the magnetron or klystron. noisiest component
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what are the 4 parts of the drive stand?
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1. klystron/ magnetron
2. circulator 3. waveguide 4. cooling system |
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what is the difference between klystron and magnetron?
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use klystron for high energy, 6 MeV or higher
use magnetron for lower energy, lower than 6 MeV |
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what is the purpose of the klystron?
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produce high powered microwaves
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what is the purpose of the circulator?
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prevents reflected microwaves from returning
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what is the purpose of a waveguide?
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guides the microwaves to the accelerator structure in the gantry
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what are the 3 parts of the gantry?
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1. electron gun
2. accelerator structure 3. treatment head |
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what are the parts of the treatment head?
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1. bending magnet
2. tungsten target 3. primary collimators 4. beam flattening filter 5. ion chambers 6. field light 7. secondary collimators 8. MLC's 9. Slots for beam shaping devices |
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what are the 3 movements by the treatment couch
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longitudinal, lateral, vertical
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what is a simulation?
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machine that looks like a linear accelerator except it has an xray unit attached
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what are custom shielding blocks?
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used to shield normal structures and minimize side effects; MLC's replace these
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how much can the spinal cord take before becoming paralyzed?
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4500-4700 cGy
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how long is each patient usually in the radiation department?
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30 minutes
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how long is each patient treated a day?
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~ 15 minutes
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what are some side effects?
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fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss
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how long does palliative treatment take?
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from 1 day to 3 weeks
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how long does curative treatment take?
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several weeks, 5 days a week
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what are 3 emergencies?
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spinal cord compression
superior vena cava syndrome brain metastases |
