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98 Cards in this Set
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Psychodynamic Theory:
ID: The id operates on the _____________, which means it wants ______________ to avoid tension. |
ID--operates on the pleasure principle, which means it wants immediate gratification to avoid tension.
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ID: The id relies on reflex actions and ________, that is, forming a dream, hallucination, or other mental image to satisfy its needs.
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The id relies on reflex actions and primary process thinking, that is, forming a dream, hallucination, or other mental image to satisfy its needs.
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EGO: The ego develops at ___ months in response to the id's inability to gratify all its needs.
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The ego develops at 6 months.
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EGO: The ego operates on the _________________, that is, it defers gratification until an appropriate action is available in reality.
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The ego operates on the reality principle.
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EGO: The ego relies on _____________, which is realistic, rational, and planning. The ego ________ the conflicting demands of the id, reality, and the superego.
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The ego relies on the reality principle. The ego mediates the conflicting demands of the id, reality, and superego.
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SUPER EGO: The superego develops at age _______. It represents __________ and standards as conveyed by ___________ through reward and punishment. The superego attempts to permanently block the _____'s socially unacceptable desires.
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The superego develops at age 4-5 years. It represents society's values and standards as conveyed by one's parents through reward and punishment.
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What are Freud's 5 Psychosexual Stages of Development?
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital (OAPLG)
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During each Psychosexual Stage,the ___'s ______ is centered on a different part of the body. ____ or ______ gratification results in a different personality oucome.
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During each stage, the id's libido (sexual energy) is centered on a different part of the body. Over or under gratification results in a different personality outcome.
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According to Psychoanalytic Theory, how does anxiety develop?
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Increased ANS activity alerts the ego to impending internal or external threats. If the ego can't ward off danger through realistic means, resort to defense mechanisms.
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What are the two basic characteristics of defense mechanisms?
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Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and serve to distort reality.
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What is repression?
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The most basic defense mechanism and the foundation of all neuroses. It keeps the id's drives and needs in the unconscious.
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What is reaction formation?
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Avoiding an anxiety-evoking instinct by expressing its opposite.
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What happens if one relies on defense mechanisms?
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Reliance on defense mechanisms prevents the ego from resolving that caused the anxiety and the anxiety will then re-emerge under stress.
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What is Freud's vieq of maladative behavior?
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Psychopathology stems from an unconscious, unresolved conflict that occurred during childhood.
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What is Freud's view of the development of phobias?
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Phobias are the result of displacement of anxiety into an object or event involved in unresolved conflict.
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What is Freud's view of the development of depression?
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Depression is due to object loss and anger toward the object turned inward.
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What is Freud's view of mania?
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Maniea is a defense against libidinal or aggressive urges that threaten to overwhelm the ego.
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What is the goal of Psychoanalytic Therapy?
Psychoanalytic assumes ______ _______, that is, all behavior is meaningful and serves some psychological function. |
The goal of Psychoanalytic Therapy is to bring the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrate previously repressed material into the personality. Psychoanalytic therapy assumes psychic determinism--al behavior is meaningful and serves some psychological function.
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What are the targets of Psychoanalysis?
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Free Association
Dream Analysis Resistance Transference |
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What is the purpose of free association?
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Allows unconscious material to go into the conscious.
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Dream analysis is the ________ _____ to the _____________.
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Dream analysis is the royal road to the unconscious.
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Give some examples of resistance.
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Coming late, avoidance, etc.
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Define transference.
Transference is a form of ___________. |
Transference is when a client projects their feelings for others onto the therapist (can be positive or negative). It is how a client misperceives present events in terms of past events.
Transference is a form of resistance. |
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When does positive transference typically occur?
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Positive transference usually occurs early and is likely to be replaced by negative transference.
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What are the 3 stages of Psychoanalysis?
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Clarification
Confrontation Interpretation |
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What is interpretation, in Psychoanalytic terms?
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Connects behavior to unconscious processes.
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What is Freud's view of countertransference?
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COuntertransference is the therapist's inappropriate and deterimental emotional reactions to a client.
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According to Freud, improvement is related to what 3 factors?
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Catharsis
Insight Working Through |
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How does Adler's Individual Psychology differ from Freudian psychology?
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1. Adler emphasizes social factors in developmental psychology.
2. Adler believed all behavior is purposeful. 3. Adler uses a teleological approach. |
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The teleological approach purports that behavior is motivated by a person's __________ _______.
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The teleological approach purports that behavior is motivated by a person's future goals.
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What are 3 key concepts in Adler's Individual Psychology?
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1. Inferiority Feelings
2. Striving for Superiority 3. Style of Life |
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What are inferiority feelings?
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Inferiority feelings develop during childhood as a result of real or perceived biological, psychological, and social weaknesses.
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Wat is striving for superiority?
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Perfect completion.
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What are the two types of styles of life?
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1. Healthy Style of Life: social interest.
2. Mistaken Style of Life: self-centeredness. Pampered children don't develop social feelings. Neglected children seek revenge. |
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What is Adler's view of mental disorders?
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Mental disorders are maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, preoccupation of achieving personal power, and lack of social interest.
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Adlerian psychotherapy views therapt as a ________________relationship.
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Therapy is a collaborative relationship.
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What are techniques of Adlerian psychotherapy: Define lifestyle investigation?
What is his approach to transferences and resistances. Adler believed all behavior is ____-__________ and ___________. |
Lifestyle Investigation: Look at the family constellation, hidden goals, basic mistakes.
Adlerian psychotherapists interpret tranferences and resistances. Adler believed all behavior is goal-directed and purposeful. |
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Adler views the misbehavior young children to have 1 of 4 goals.
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The misbehavior of young children is viewed as seeking: attention, power, revenge, or to display deficiency. Each reflects a desire to belong.
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Adler applied his therapy to ___________ and ________ using the STEP and STET.
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Adler applied his therapy to parents and teacher-student relationship (as well as individuals, groups,and families.)
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How does Jung's Analytical Psychotherapy differ from Freud's views?
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1. Jung defined libido as general psychic energy.
2. Behavior is not only determined by past events, but by future goals and aspirations. 3. Personality development continues throughout the lifespan. |
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According to Jung, what are the levels of the conscious/unconscious?
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1. Conscious--governed by the ego.
2. Personal Unconscious--experiences that were once conscious and now repressed or forgotten, or were unconsciously perceived. 3. Collective unconscious--latent memory traces passed down from one generation to the next. |
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What are archetypes?
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Part of the collective unconscious. Archetypes are certain phenomenon that are viewed in a universal way (e.g., the self, persona, shadow, anima, animus)
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According to Jung, what are the two attitudes?
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Extraversion and introversion
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According to Jung, what are the 4 basic psychological functions?
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Thinking
Feeling Sensing Intuiting |
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According to Jung, _____________ is the integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of one's psyche, leading to the development of one unique ________. The outcome is ___________ in later years.
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According to Jung, individuation is the integration of conscious and unconscious aspects of one's psyche, leading to the development of one unique identity. The outcome is wisdom in later years.
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What is Jung's view of maladaptive behavior?
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Symptoms are unconscious messages that something is awry with you and that there is a task that should be fulfilled.
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What is the goal of Jungian therapy?
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The goal of Jung's therapy is to rebridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious.
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What are techniques of Jungian therapy?
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Interpretations
Transferences Countertransferences Face-to-face therapy Focus is on the here-and-now |
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According to Jung, what is the purpose of interpretations?
Dream interpretation is the ____________________. |
Interpretations help the client become aware of the inner world. Dream interpretation is the collective unconscious expressed symbolically.
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According to Jung, transferences are _________________.
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Transferences are projections of the unconscious.
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Jung believed countertransference is a useful or ununseful tool in therapy?
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A useful tool
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The Neo-Freudians emphasize the role of _____________ and other _______influences.
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The Neo-Freudians emphasize the role of interpersonal and other social influences.
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Some prominent neo-Freudians are:
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Karen Horney
Harry Stack Sullivan Erich Fromm |
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What is Horney's view of anxiety? How can anxiety be alleviated?
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Anxiety results from childhood interpersonal relationships. Anxiety can be alleviated by:
1. Moving toward people (compliance). 2. Moving away (more detached) 3. Moving against (aggressive) |
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Harry Stack Sullivan emphasizes the role of __________ ________ in personality development.
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Harry Stack Sullivan emphasizes the role of cognitive factors in personality development.
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According to Harry Stack Sullivan, what are the 3 modes of cognitive experience?
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1. Prototaxic mode (1st few months; discrete events)
2. Parataxic mode (causal connections between events that aren't actually related) 3. Syntaxic mode (end of 1st year; logical, sequential, and modifiable thinking) |
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According to Sullivan, maladaptive behavior is due to _________ _____________.
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According to Sullivan, maladaptive behavior is due to parataxic distortions.
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According to Sullivan, the therapist serves as the _____________________.
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According to Sullivan, the therapist serves as the expert in interpersonal relationships.
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Who are some prominent object relations theorists?
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Melanie Klein
Ronald Fairbairn Margaret Mahler Otto Kernberg |
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Margaret Mahler's theory of personality development (object relations), describes the process by which an infant assumes its own identity. What are the 3 stages?
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1. Normal autism (1st month--infact is oblivious to external environment)
2. Normal Symbiosis (1st & 2nd mos.--fused with its mother) 3. Separation-Individuation (starts at 4 mos.--development of object relations) |
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What is a major goal of the Separation-Individuation stage of personality development (Mahler)?
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By age 3 years, the child develops a permanent sense of self and object (object constancy) and sees others as both separate and related.
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Accoding to Object Relations theorists, maladaptive behavior results from?
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Maladaptive behavior results from abnormalities in early object relations.
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Mahler traces psychopathology to problems during which stage?
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Separation-individuation
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According to Objects Relations theory, what is splitting?
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Splitting: in infancy, there is a split between mental representations of self and others into "good" and "bad". Inadequate resolution leads to maladaptive behavior.
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What is Kernberg's view of Borderline Personality Disorder?
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BPD never integrated positive and negative experiences with others and thys shifts between contradicting images (overidealizing and devaluing)
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What is the goal of Object Relations Therapy?
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Therapeutic goals are to provide the client with support, acceptance, and conditions that restore their ability to relate to others in a meaningful way.
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What is the focus of Self Psychology?
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Self Psychology focuses on early childhood factors that affect the development of a cohesive sense of self.
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What is Heinz Kohut's view of narcissism?
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Healthy Narcissism is key. It is the parents' ability to provide child with factors that lead to a cohesive sense of self.
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According to self psychologists, what happens is the parents fail to satisfy the child's needs?
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1. Grandiose self--parents fail to satisfy child's needs, but this is modified with maturity, unless:
2. Pathological narcissism--develops if parents consistently respond to child in unempathic ways. If parents do not provide empathic mirroring. |
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What are the main goals and techniques of therapy with a self psychology orientation?
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Therapy provides the narcissistic patient with an environment that makes up for early deprivation and promotes personal growth and development of a cohesive sense of self. EMPATHY is key.
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Explain the key characteristics of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy:
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1. Time limited (6-30 sessions)
2. Concrete goals and focus on a particular symptom or issue. 3. Interpretations focus on present circumstances and behavior 4. Development of transference neurosis is not encouraged, but positive transference is ok. |
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Interpersonal Therapy was developed by Klerman and Weissman to treat _________, which is viewed as related to problems with __________ ______ and __________ __________.
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IP tx was developed to treat depression, which is viewed as related to problems with social roles and interpersonal relationships. The focus of treatment is on CURRENT social relationships.
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IP Therapy addresses 1 or more of 4 problems areas, incl:
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1. Grief
2. IP role disputes 3. Role transitions 4. IP deficits |
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What are techniques of IP therapy?
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Encouragement of affect
Communication analysis Modeling Role modeling |
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The focus of Humanistic Psychotherapies ("Third Force") is _________ characteristics.
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Shared characteristics.
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What is cultural encapsulation?
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Cultural encapsulation is the opposite of cultural responsiveness. When a therapist defines everyone's reality by their own STEREOTYPES, disregard CULTURAL DIFFERENCES and their own CULTURAL BIASES.
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Emic vs. Etic orientation
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EMIC: culture specific theories
ETIC: culture general, universal orientation |
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What are three aspects of cultural competence?
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1. SCIENTIFIC MINDEDNESS
2. DYNAMIC SIZING: when to generalize vs. when to individualize 3. Culture-specific expertise |
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What are some culturally responsive strategies?
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1. Make treatment more accessible
2. Select a treatment modality that fits the culture and level of acculturation, and incorporates elements of culture (cuento therapy) 3. CREDIBILITY: therapist is effective and trustworthy 4. GIVING: client feels he has received something from therapy. |
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Decribe the following two communication styles:
High context Low Context |
High Context: Grounded in the situation, relies on nonverbal cues
Low context: Relies on the explicit verbal part of the message |
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What are the effects of oppression in African Americans?
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1. INTERNALIZED OPPRESSION: system-beating, system blaming, avoidance of whites, and/or denial of political sig. of race.
2. CONCEPTUAL INCARCERATION: adopt a white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant world view. 3. SPLIT SELF SYNDROME: Good vs. bad (African American identity) 4. Decreased ability to utilize internal and external resources |
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Describe cultural vs. functional paranoia
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1. Cultural paranoia: healthy response, won't disclose to white therapist
2. Functional paranoia: unhealthy response, won't disclose to any therapist of any race due to mistrust. |
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What are the 4 categories of acculturation?
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1. INTEGRATION: person maintains his own culture, but also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture (bicultural identity)
2. ASSIMILATION: Person accepts the majority culture without relinquishing his own culture 3. SEPARATION: person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his own culture 4. MARGINALIZATION: Person does not identify with either his culture or the dominant culture. |
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What are the 5 stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (MID)?
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1. Conformity
2. Dissonance 3. Resistance and Immersion 4. Introspection 5. Integrative Awareness |
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Describe the Conformity Stage:
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Conformity: positive attitude and preference for the dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes towards one's own culture.
Prefers therapist from the majority group. |
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Describe the Dissonance Stage:
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Dissonance: COnfusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes one has toward the self and others. Prefers therapist from minority group.
Perceive their personal problems as related to racial/cultural identity issues. |
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Describe the Resistance and Immersion Stage:
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Resistance-Immersion: Actively reject the dominant society and exhibit appreciating attitudes toward self and members of own group.
Prefer therapist from minority group. Perceive problems as the result of oppression. |
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Describe the Introspection Stage:
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Uncertainty about rigidity of their beliefs in Stage 3 (Rigidity-Immersion); conflict between loyalty to one's group and personal autonomy.
Prefer minority therapist, but are more open. |
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Describe the Integrative Awareness Stage:
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Integrative Awareness: Multicultural perspective
Therapist who shares their world view. |
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What are the 4 stages of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model (Cross)?
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1. Preencounter
2. Encounter 3. Immersion-Emersion 4. Internalization/Commitment |
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What is the preencounter stage?
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Preencouter Stage:
Racial identity has low salience. Whites seen as the ideal/Af.Am. denigrated. Prefer white therapist. |
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What is the encounter stage?
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Encounter Stage:
Exposure to race-related event leads to racial/cultural awareness and interest in developing an Af. Am. identity. Prefer minority therapist of the same race. |
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What is the immersion/emersion stage?
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Struggle between old and emerging views of race.
1st--idealizes Af. Ams and denigrates whites. At the end of the stage--person less emotionally immersed and begins to move toward internalization of a new identity. |
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What is the internalization/commitment stage?
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Adoptation of an Af. Am. world view and in second half of the stage, begins to actively work to eradicate racism.
May exhibit healthy cultural paranoia. |
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What are the 6 stages of Helm's White Racial Identity Development Model?
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1. Contact
2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4. Pseudo-Independence 5. Immersion-Emersion 6. Autonomy |
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Describe the Contact and Disintegration stages.
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Contact: little awareness of racial identity.
Disintegration: Increased contact with Af.Am. increases awareness of being white. This leads to confusion and ambivalence. May overidentify with blacks, act paternalistic, or retreat into white society. |
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Describe the Reintegration and Pseudo-Independence Stages.
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Reintegration: To resolve conflicts in stage 2, accept racist views of white superiority and black inferiority.
Pseudo-Independence: Precipitated by an event that causes person to question their views. Question racist views and recognize that whites have a responsibility for racism. |
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Describe the Immersion-Emersion and Autonomy stages.
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Immersion-Emersion: Explores what it means to be white.
Autonomy: Internalize a positive/nonracist white identity. Appreciation for racial/cultural differences. |
