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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud |
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy |
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Rogers |
Humanism
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Ellis |
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Types of Psychotherapy |
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Psychodynamic Psychotherapy |
Freud Make the unconscious conscious Insight and interpretations |
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Free Association (psychodynamic) |
Just talk! Gab on. Trying to be spontaneous without editing. |
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Freudian "slips" |
Mistakes in verbal or behaviors that reveal what the unconscious wants |
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Dreams |
Manifest content (the actual events) shows the latent content (the unconscious wishes) |
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Resistance |
Resisting topics or even appointments because of a certain unconscious feeling or thought being brought out |
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Defense Mechanisms |
Unconscious techniques created by the ego to try and handle conflict between the id and superego |
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Types of Defense Mechanisms |
Repression Projection Reaction formation Displacement Sulimation |
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Repression |
keep impulse in unconscious |
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Projection |
attribute impulse to others |
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Reaction formation |
do opposite of impulse |
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Displacement |
redirect impulse |
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Sublimation |
redirect impulse in a way that benefits others |
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Transference |
Client forms relationship with therapist in a way that they unconsciously and unrealistically expect the therapist to behave like important people from the client's past- the therapist will then work with them to see this and understand it |
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Psychosexual Stages |
Oral Anal Phallic |
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Ego psychology |
Emphasizes social relationships > psychosexual stages |
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Objection relations |
Emphasizes relationships between internalized "objects" aka people |
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Self-Psychology |
Parental role emphasized- focus on narcissism |
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Brief Psychodynamic Psychotherapies |
Narrow problems, quick, brevity, less pathology present |
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Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) |
treat depression in 14-18 sessions by improving interpersonal relationships--- uses role expectations |
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Time-Limited Dynamic Psycotherapy (TLDP) |
Focus on transference and therapy relationship that doesn't follow script of previous unhealthy ones. Make client aware of script to enable corrective emotional experience
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Outcome issues of psychodynamic psychotherapy |
empirical measures just aren't there- difficult to manualize- researchers usually study their own fav --> bias! Countertransferrence |
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Humanism |
Rogers against Freud's appraoch Human nature isn't bad (not id-driven) Also called nondirective or client/person centered. the warm fuzzies- unconditional positive regard |
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Role of positive regard in humanism |
People want positive regard/prizing so that sometimes give up self-actualization to attain it |
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Goal of Humanistic |
Foster self-actualization and the growth to get there |
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Concept of Congruence |
The client's real self matching their ideal self. This is a goal of HUMANISM. |
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Reflection in Humanistic Therapy |
Therapist responds to client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the feelings or emotions- not mechanical! |
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Existential Psychotherapy |
Overcome meaninglessness by creating own meaning through the decisions they make |
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Gestalt Therapy |
Holistic! Current experiences. Role play. |
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William Miller |
Leader of motivational interviewing techinque |
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Motivational Interviwing |
Talk about fears for making major changes, help to make actions and values align, don't impose changes just motivate them, part of positive psych movement |
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Positive Psychology |
Seligman bolsters strength to overcome~ |
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Bohart and Tallman |
From the heart, man! |
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Three most important parts of HUMANISM |
empathy positive regard genuineness |
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Behavioral Psychotherapy
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Reaction against the lack of empiricism inherent in psychodynamic and humanistic approaches they want MORE SCIENCE |
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Four big Behavioral Names |
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner/Thorndike |
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Goal of Behavioral |
Observable behavior change No emphasis on internal mental processes Empiricism is the focus Observable variables |
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What is a PROBLEM in behaviorism? |
Client behaviors are not symptoms to problems, they ARE problems. |
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Two types of conditioning |
Classical and Operant |
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Classical Conditioning |
Pavlov's dog UCS evokes UCR, UCS and CS paired, CS evokes CR Generaliztion or discrimination to similar stimuli may take place |
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Operant Conditionting |
Organism operates on the environment, notices the consequence of the behavior, and incorporates these consequences into decisions regarding future behavior
More active style of learning than classical conditioning If..then.. statements
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Techniques based on classical conditioning |
Exposure therapy systematic desensitization assertiveness training |
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Exposure Therapy |
Version of "facing your fears" Used to treat anxiety orders often Repeatedly exposed to the feared object |
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Systematic Desensitization |
Used for phobias and other anxiety disorders Similar to exposure therapy but relaxation training is included - so relaxation replaces anxiety |
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Assertiveness Training |
Specific application of classical conditioning that targets social anxieties exposure plus desensitization direct instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and homework |
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Contingency Management |
Change contingencies controlling behavior - in other words alter the consequence to change the behavior effectively Reinforcement and punishment are used for this |
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Extinction |
Removal of expected reinforcement that results in decreased frequency of behavior Can cause extinction burst (increase in unwanted behavior) - but it will decrease! |
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Token economies |
Clients earn tokens for participating, tokens are traded for something Used mostly when someone is being continuously monitored |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing successive approximations of the target behavior Reward baby steps |
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Behavioral Activation |
Depressed people lack positive reinforcement Goal is to increase frequency of positively reinforcing behaviors May have some classical conditioning |
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Behavioral Consultation |
Indirect way to modify behavior Third parties involved Lots of time in natural setting between consultee and client |
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Parent or Teacher Training |
Form of behavioral consultation |
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Cognitive Psychotherapy |
Most endorsed method |
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Goal of Cognitive |
Increase in logical thinking and decrease faulty thinking |
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Importance of Cognition in Cognitive |
Thoughts, beliefs, interpretation Things happen --> we interpret those things --> influence our feelings and thus our actions usually |
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Revising Cognitions |
If they determine feelings, you gotta revise those illogical ones to get more appropriate emotional reactions Identify illogical cognitions challenge them replace with more logical ones! |
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Teaching as a Therapy Tool |
Cognitive therapists often function as teachers with clients - educate them on stuff, give them handouts, write stuff down, they want to be able to do the lessons themselves eventually and be an independent woman that don't need no therapist |
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Which psychotherapy model uses homework?
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Cognitive! Written and behavioral |
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How long does cognitive therapy last? |
Brief. 15 sessions or less. Structured and planned around specific issues. |
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Two approaches to cognitive therapy |
Albert Ellis Aaron Beck |
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What was Ellis' model of Cognitive? |
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) Connection between reality and emotions ABCDE model |
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Ellis' ABCDE model |
Activating event Belief Emotional Consequence Dispute Effective new belief |
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Aaron Beck's model of cognitive |
Dysfunctional Thought Record instead of ABCDE Similar idea, but uses the different thought distortion understandings to change them. |
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Mindfulness and acceptance based therapies |
Third wave therapies Full attention to present moment without judging or wishing things were otherwise Engage with own mental process rather than experimental avoidance Derives from Buddhist traditions |
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) |
Accept internal psychological experience Commit to one's own personal values Move from FEAR to ACT |
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) uses |
Esp. used for BPD due to problem of emotional regulation |
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Core practices of DBT |
problem solving validation Dielectics |
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Four specific modules of skills training in DBT |
emotional regulation distress tolerance interpersonal effectiveness mindfulness skills |
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Metacognitive Therapy |
Metacognition is thinking about thinking The activating event can literally be cognition The thoughts we have about our thoughts cause us trouble Metacognitive therapists make thinking about thinking the primary focus! |
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Group and Family Therapy |
Multiple clients are treated together obvi They are separate things |
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Group Therapy |
Interpersonal interactiong Clients problems stem from flawed interpersonal relationships skills |
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Irvin Yalom |
leader of interpersonal group therapy |
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Universality in Group Therapy |
Clients realize we are in the same boat |
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Group Cohesiveness in Group Therapy |
Feelings of interconnections among group members Trust, acceptance, belonging among group Analogous to therapeutic alliance in individual therapy |
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Interpersonal Learning in Group Therapy |
Same interpersonal tendencies that contributed to the problems will probably appear They make new relationships and work on them inside, which then will translate to better ones outside |
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Where are clients encouraged to focus in group therapy? Past? Present? Future
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HERE AND NOW!!! |
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What does a group in group therapy look like? |
5-10 clients Some are open enrollment, some are closed |
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Developmental Stages of Therapy Groups |
Cautious and concerned about acceptance Jockeying for position in pecking order Finally- cohesiveness |
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Cotherapists |
Often, group therapy uses a team of two therapists Second set of eyes and ears Model healthy relationships with one another Need to be good with each other to make it all work smooth af |
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Socializing between clients in groups (possible problems) |
No hanging, dating, or banging. |
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Family Therapy |
Psych symptoms are byproducts of dysfunction in families |
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Circular Causality in Fam Therapy |
Events influence each other reciprocally - what comes around goes around |
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Homeostasis in Fam Therapy |
Families regulate themselves by returning to an emotional set point like a thermostat Family members may sense that the family is reaching uncomfortable state and have feedback to try and reach comfort zone |
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Genograms |
Pencil and paper method of creating a family tree that incorporates detailed info about relationships between fam members for at least 3 gens |
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Family Life Cycle |
Developmental theory for families with seven stages I don't care about |
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Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) |
Objective questionnaire used to assess violence and abuse in couples Measures how individuals react when family conflicts arise |
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Identified Patient |
Problem is systematic rather than individual, but sometimes there is an identified patient that they blame |
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Family structure |
underlying way things run |
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Enmeshed and Disengaged family structures |
Enmeshed is when the boundaries are too permeable between subsystems (like kids and parents) But disengaged is when they are too rigid and strong barriers |
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Differentiation of Self in Fam |
Appropriate degree of self-determination or becoming your own person is essential Need to allow people to branch out and have differences |
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Triangles |
When two people are in conflict, either one may try to bring at third to their side Can be problematic when the triangluated person is a kid DON'T TRIANGLE, SHITTY ASS MANIPULATIVE PARENTS STOPPPP |
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Solution Focused Therapy |
Evolved from strategic family therapy Solving problem focused Solution talk NOT problem talk Create more exceptions to problems, not more problems |
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Narrative Therapy |
Stories we construct about our lives change the way that we experience life and different events in life We edit our experiences to fit the script of our life Revise stories and recast selves in more positive heroic ways to make things more positive |
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Cultural Competence |
Need to appreciate that all families have different cultures and norms that they abide by Many times there are a blend of cultural influences in a single family unit. There are varying level of acculturation based on generations. |
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Confidentiality |
Can be difficult because they're talking to all the different family members |
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Diagnostic Accuracy |
DSM disorder apply to individuals not families So people don't get diagnosed from family therapists |
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What is pediatric psychology? |
Focusing on mental and physical health of children with medical conditions like cancer or disabilities or injuries |
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Disorders of Childhood (common ones) |
ADHD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and also some other ones that dults can get like major depressive and ptsd and phobias and stuff |
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Externalizing Disorders in Children |
Acting out (ADHD, conduct disorder, ODD) |
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Internalizing Disorders |
Maladaptive thoughts and feelings Mood disorders, anxiety disorders |
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Resilience and Vulnerability |
Some children develop psychological problems but most can bounce back quick |
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Developmental Perspective |
Essential to understand the child's behavior in context of their developmental stages, but these vary by culture |
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Assessment Methods for Child Psych |
Interview and behavioral Self report scales Behavior rating scales Projective/expressive techniques IQ tests |
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Self-Instruction Training for Children/Adolescents |
"talk through" things with themselves, especially when they are about to do something problematic. |
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Parent Training |
Child therapists gotta do this too. Help the parents do better with helping the process of therapy |
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Play therapy |
That weird ass video we watched in class Forms important relationships Disclose feelings and thoughts Healing |
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Two types of play therapy approaches |
Psychodynamic- Just play, and they symbolically show their mental process through play, so the therapist interprets it Humanistic- Emphasis on reflection and unconditional positive regard rather than the unconscious intepretations |
