Clinical Pathology - Part 2

Front 1

XS EDTA can cause ?

Back 1

LOW PCV & MCV

Front 2

SCID Hyperadrenocorticism, stress, steroid treatment, have what effect on lymphocyte level?

Back 2

Absolute Lymphopenia

Front 3

Aged samples may have low OR high MCV?

Back 3

Aged samples may have raised MCV (cell swelling)

Front 4

Inadequate centrif. has what affect on MCHC and PCV and MCV?

Back 4

Raised PCV & MCV,

lower MCHC
(MCHC = Hb / PCV)

Front 5

Life span of platelets?

Back 5

Life span a few days

Front 6

Is it okay to refrigerate platelets before counting?

Back 6

NO

Front 7

Younger platelets have higher OR lower MPV?

Back 7

Big platelets occur --> high MPV in thrombopoiesis or platelet neoplasm

Front 8

6. A blood sample was drawn and placed into a green-top tube containing Li-heparin. Which blood assay would be run?
a. CBC
b. Glucose
c. Coagulation profile
d. Chemistry

Back 8

d. Chemistry

Front 9

8. Na-citrate (light blue) is used for which blood assay?
a. CBC
b. Glucose
c. Coagulation profile
d. Chemistry

Back 9

c. Coagulation profile

CBC

Front 10

Qualitative Buffy Coat (QBC ) analyser used for measuring?

Back 10

small machine gives accurate cell & platelet counts, & part differential WBC count

Front 11

These are examples of what type of stains?
Wright’s,
Diff-quik (most common),
Leishman’s,
May-Grunwald-Giemsa

Back 11

Romanowsky stains

Front 12

name these sites on blood smear

Back 12

see pic

Front 13

Where best place to do differential WBC count on blood smear?

Back 13

monolayer

Front 14

Where on blood smear might u find microfilariae In heartworm areas of the world?

Back 14

feathered edge of smear

check with 10X at feathered edge of smear for microfilaria

Front 15

CSF, pleural/peritoneal/pericardial, & joint fluids should be split and part placed into ____________________ (to preserve cell morphology) & part into sterilin tubes (for culture).

Back 15

EDTA

Front 16

33. Polychromasia & anisocytosis (RBCs unequal size) may be seen in animals which have been poisoned with:
a. Copper
b. Iron
c. Lead
d. Cobalt
e. Magnesium

Back 16

C. Lead poisoning, b/c associated with Polychromasia & anisocytosis due to inappr. RBC regen.

(actually pretty sure copper can also cause this, but only an in large animals i guess)

Front 17

37. H-J bodies = DNA remnants of nucleus. Low numbers may be present in healthy ___ b/c spleen is not very effective in removing them.

Back 17

CATS

Front 18

intracellular protozoan causes IV hemolysis in cattle therefore causing “redwater” or reddish urine

Back 18

babesia

Front 19

45. T/F? Both intra-- & extravascular hemolysis cause hyperbilirubinemia

Back 19

False; extravascular

IV hemolysis more likely to cause hemogloburia and hemoglobinemia

Front 20

60. Which is not a listed cause of Heinz Body anemia?
a. Copper toxicity in sheep
b. Inorganic phosphate deficiency
c. Tylenol (acetaminophen)
d. Brassica
e. A sh*t ton of plants
f. T. cruzi
g. onion

Back 20

f. T. cruzi

Front 21

Splenomegaly & hepatomegaly are the result of ?

Back 21

EV hemolysis?

Front 22

Dyserythropoiesis means?
Dyshemopoiesis?

Back 22

1. difficulty producing RBC;s
2. difficulty producing all blood cells

Front 23

62. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria is the result of:
a. Deficiency of inorganic phosphate
b. EIAV
c. Liver infarct & the release of hemolytic beta toxin
d. Isoimmune hemolytic anemia
e. Babesia

Back 23

c. Liver infarct & the release of hemolytic beta toxin (Clostridium)

Front 24

Postparturient hemoglobinuria is due to ? (5)

Back 24

dietary deficiency in: Inorganic phosphate; also cold weather, copper def., too much water, certain plants

Front 25

Aplastic anemia?
hypoplastic anemia?

Back 25

3. aplastic anemia is no production
4. regeneration poor (hypoplastic anemia)

Front 26

Most common type of anemia?
Is it acute or chronic?
Source of problem?

Back 26

Secondary Dyshemopoiesis anemia, beginning outside bone marrow, chronic condtition

Front 27

6 causes of Dyshemopoiesis anemia

Back 27

1. Immune destruction of RBC precursors (rare)
2. Toxins like Estrogen 3. Neoplasms 4. Iron-deficiency 5. Iron sequestration from chronic disorder 6. infection

Front 28

Name 3 things that can damage RBC, WBC or Plt precursors anemia or all. Dyshemopoietic anemia.

Back 28

Estrogen or Bracken fern (and Ehrlichea) affect on blood cell levels

Front 29

Cows have eaten Bracken fern. Which symptoms will you see last: for anemia? leukopenia? or thrombocytopenia?

Back 29

All are not being produced, but will see symptoms of anemia last b/c RBC life span longest (80-160 days), but WBC have lifespan of few hours.

Front 30

Causes of intravascular hemolysis? (3)

Back 30

Babesiosis, Clostridium hemolyticum (Bacillary Hb.uria), Post parturient Hb.uria (also get some extravascular)

Front 31

Animals with Bracken fern poisoning show what symptoms?
(skip until know else)

Back 31

high temp., septicemia (low WBC so bacteria come in)

bleeding from nose, mouth (thrombocytopenia)

Front 32

Why does body sequester iron in BM (macrophages) during inflam. dz?

Back 32

Body acts as if it has bacterial infection

Front 33

Aside from anemia, offer symptoms of inflam.dz?

Back 33

Leukocytosis, Neutrophilia , left shift, high globulin (protein level),

Front 34

What is a left shift?

Back 34

appearance of immature neutrophils (band cells) in blood

Front 35

granulocytes?

Back 35

eosinophils neutrophils & basophils

Front 36

Mononuclear cells ?

Back 36

lymphocytes & monocytes

Front 37

Neutrophil granules are more prominent in ? ALSO called????????????

Back 37

rabbit, guinea pig, birds & reptiles aka “heterophils”.

Front 38

Neutrophil granules more prominent in large animals OR cats/dogs?

Back 38

Neutrophil granules more prominent in large animals

Front 39

circulating WBC’s vary with species, which has highest?

Back 39

pigs highest circulating WBC conc.; also very excited

Front 40

Neutrophils higher OR lower in young animal?

Back 40

higher in young

Front 41

Dogs, cats, horses which WBC dominant?

Back 41

Neutrophils

Front 42

In Ruminants & Pigs, which WBC predominate?

Back 42

– Lymphocytes predominate

Front 43

Which WBC pool lie dormant on walls of small blood vessels; release if excited ? What is this called when released due to adrenaline incr.?

Back 43

MARGINATED pool

“physiological leukocytosis”.

Front 44

maturing pool called ?

Back 44

PROLIFERATING pool

Front 45

T or F: ALL WBC’s enter tissues & remain there

Back 45

~False: EXCEPTION lymphocytes which may recirculate back to blood directly, or through lymphatics.

Front 46

Pathological leukocytosis caused?

Back 46

* infection trauma/ burn autoimmune disease;
*Stress/Cortisone (effect moderate)
*Bone marrow Neoplasia (eg MPD or LPD) effect variable – can be marked
*RBC regeneration- effect usually mild/moderate

Front 47

A higher proportion of marginated cells are lymphocytes in what species?

Back 47

CATS
(therefore with epinephrine release / excitment -> greater increase of lymphocytes in cats)

Front 48

What are 3 things that happen to WBC levels when animal is given corticosteroids? (in sequential order)

Back 48

1. lymphopenia (esp. in cow - b/c major cell type in cattle)
2. mature neutrophilia
3. sometimes eosinopenia/ monocytosis (incr.) in dogs only

Front 49

Myelodysplasia and myeloproliferative disorders?

Back 49

difficulty in producing 1 or more cell types

Front 50

Viral infections can decimate WBC’s e.g. ? (3)

Back 50

parvovirus & canine adenoviral hepatitis

Front 51

Viral infections can slowly damage precursor cells for example...(name 3 or 4)

Back 51

Viruses which FeLV, FIV, BoLV, BVD/MD;

Front 52

In what species is leukocytosis uncommon w/o severe inflam., but when occurs is grim prognosis?

Back 52

HORSE, leukocytosis uncommon but serious

Front 53

T or F: Inflammation causes leukocytosis in cattle; why or why not.

Back 53

False: Inflam. often causes LEUKOPENIA in cattle, b/c have small neutrophil pool which low/migrate quickly to site of inflammation

Front 54

T or F: Don’t rely on total WBC count in cow.

Back 54

True

Front 55

Inflam. leukogram:

Back 55

1. leukocytosis
2. neutrophilia (increased neutrophil release)
3. left shift

Front 56

Regenerative left shift

Back 56

left shift + leukocytosis
(increase in circulating pool in severe inflammation)

Front 57

Nonregen. left shift?
Characteristic of?
Prognosis?

Back 57

*left shift + NO leukocytosis (no incr. in WBC); immature outnumber mature
*systemic toxemia, BM unable
*prognosis bad

Front 58

Inflammatory leukogram + monocytosis indicates?

Back 58

‘chronic/granulomatous’ inflammatory leukogram

Front 59

Neutropenia (decr. release) from bone marrow caused by ? (4)

Back 59

decrease in progenitor cells from some drugs, viral infections, neoplasias, Chediak-Higashi syndrome.

Front 60

4 causes of neutrophil decr.:

Back 60

1. Decreased release
2. Increased exit
3. Increased destruction
4. Shift from circulating to marginated pool; maybe in shock..why?

Front 61

Congenital anomaly in man dog & other spp; granulocytes look immature but function normally. May cause healthy animals to have marked “left shift”

Back 61

PELGER-HUËT ANOMALY: granulocytes look immature but function normally

Front 62

Chediak-Higashi syndrome occurs in ? (3)

Back 62

in man cow cat;

Front 63

Chediak-Higashi syndrome characterized by? (4 symptoms)

Back 63

neutropenia & neutrophils have big granules; animals are infection-susceptible, ? albino, & bleed easily

Front 64

Neutrophil adhesion defect in what animals ? (2)

Back 64

Irish setter, Holstein cow

Front 65

Neutrophil adhesion defect char. by? (4)

Back 65

poor chemotaxis & recurrent bacterial & fungal infections; ? neutrophilia, left shift, hard to diagnose

Front 66

Neutrophil adhesion defect diagnosed how?
(skip until end)

Back 66

Neutrophil function test (difficult for small practice)

Front 67

autosomal recessive trait in S/Gr collies; 10-14 day cyclical fluctuation in neutrophils & WBC count --> inf.-susc.; also ? microphthalmia, GI probs

Back 67

Canine cyclic hematopoiesis

Front 68

Inclusions in neutrophils may include ?
(give 3 examples)

Back 68

Inclusions in neutrophils may include Bacteria, Ehrlichia Distemper inclusions &Hepatozoon americanum

Front 69

What is this called? If many neutrophils have >4/5 lobes

Back 69

NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION

Front 70

NEUTROPHIL HYPERSEGMENTATION indicates?
prognosis?

Back 70

it indicates presence of older cells & that production of young neutrophils is impaired
*guarded prognosis

Front 71

Eosinophilia caused by (4)

Back 71

Hypersensitivity
Parasitism
Addison’s ?
Eosinophilic myositis ? Eosinophilic MPD

Front 72

Basophilia caused by (2)?

Back 72

IgE mediated disorders
Mast cell tumor ?

Front 73

Monocytosis caused by (3)?
(how do monocytes change?)

Back 73

Chronic inflammation
esp. if granulomatous
Stress (in dog)
Monocytic sarcoma
*monocytes get bigger