Clinical Pathology

Front 1

Describe the role of the veterinarian technician in the laboratory

Back 1

To interpret and generate results

Front 2

Define technique

Back 2

You have to know what you are doing develop your own way of doing something correctly

Front 3

Identify the criteria needed for an efficient veterinarian laboratory and use of quality control

Back 3

Dedicated area, sink,storage electrical outlets, a centrifuge, a microscope, microhematocrit, and refractometer, pipettes electronic cell counter

Front 4

Identify the proper care and maintenance of various laboratory equipment and supplies

Back 4

Periodic calibration of the centrifuge is needed to ensure that the it is reaching the required speed

Refractor meters must be calibrated on a regular basis to ensure diagnostic quality results

Everything must be put in its proper place area needs to be neat and clean

Front 5

Describe the uses and benifits of hematology results

Back 5

To screen the general health of an animal to access its overall ability to transport oxygen and defend against infectious agents

When combined with the history physical examination and other laboratory findings help to form diagnosis

May also indicate a course of treatment for the animal

Hint 5

An example is to differentiate between anemia caused by internal hemorrhage and that caused by bone marrow depression

It has been said that a clinician who relies entirely on laboratory results to make a diagnosis is probably an experience and a clinician who claims not to need a laboratory is uninformed

Front 6

Describe the limitations of hematology results

Back 6

The collection and handling of the blood sample or any tissue sample should not be subjected to traumatic physical forces such as being forced rapidly through a small needle or violation or two extreme temperatures of heating or freezing avoid contaminating the sample with foreign materials such as dirt infectious agents chemicals are even water

Hint 6

All counts of measurements should be done on a blind basis with no comparison to normals our expectations of changes that could lead to a bias in reported results

it is imperative that all observations weather normal or abnormal be recorded

Front 7

State laboratory safety precautions

Back 7

All biological samples whether blood or other body tissues and fluids should be handled as if potentially infectious

No drinking eating use of tobacco products or other hand to mouth activities nor any storage of food or beverages in the laboratory area a laboratory coat should be worn at all times long hair confined and sandals open toed shoes or I can this shoes should be avoided Laboratory gloves should be worn whenever potentially infectious samples are being handled all disposable pointed or cutting instrument should be placed in the appropriate sharps container

Front 8

State the functions of blood in the body

Back 8

Is to transport nutrition,oxygen, waste products, hormones, carbon dioxide, immune bodies, heat for temperature control, helps contain pH and water, electrolyte value, also helps homeostasis(regulating) and help prevent hemostasis(blood clotting)

Front 9

Describe the composition of blood

Back 9

Plasma, leukocytes, platelets

Front 10

Describe the characteristics of blood include color volume and pH

Back 10

pH - 7.36(vein) 7.4 (artery)

Will not have a nucleus and the cytoplasm is reddish to reddish orange the central pallor present(more prominent in dogs

A RBC from the artery will be more of a bright redish color than a RBC from a vein

Volume-5-11% of the body weight or 20-50 ml/lb

Hint 10

The reddish color is caused by hemoglobin the greater the oxygen the brighter red the blood will be

Front 11

Define hematopoiesis

Back 11

Is the production of blood cells

Front 12

Describe the development of blood cells in the bone marrow

Back 12

Rubriblast,

Prorubricyte,

Rubricyte,

Metarubricyte, polychromatophil(immature RBC)

Erythrocytes

Front 13

Which cell is the father of all blood cells?

Back 13

Pluripotential

Hint 13

Mack daddy cell

Front 14

Define hematocrit

Back 14

The percentage of RBCs relative to plasma

To separating

Front 15

What is the abbreviations for hematocrit

Back 15

PCV

Front 16

Describe the laboratory use of a hematocrit test

Back 16

Looks at how many red blood cells you have can see if the animal is anemic, dehydrated, color

Can also look at protein level normal plasma colors will be straw, yellow, or colorless which comes from bilirubin which is a breakdown of hemoglobin

Hint 16

Cow and horse will have a darker color plasma than a dog our cat color should be described as clear and not cloudy

Front 17

What is this PCV reading

Back 17

Normal

Front 18

What is this PCV reading

Back 18

Polycythemia

Front 19

What is this PCV reading

Back 19

Bone marrow depression anemia

Front 20

Define erythropoiesis

Back 20

The formation or production of red blood cells, controlled by the tissue need for oxygen

Front 21

State the average lifespan of erythrocytes sites in dogs and cats

Back 21

110 days

Front 22

Define blood volume

Back 22

It's a total blood volume varies between species and depends on species, and breed, age, leanness or fat concentration

Front 23

State the effects of blood loss

Back 23

If the rate of blood loss is rapid body doesn't have time to react will have a state of shock

If the rate of blood loss is chronic the body has time to adjust

Front 24

If the animal is anemic..will the hemoglobin be high or low?

Back 24

Hemoglobin concentration will be low. Meaning the cell will not be able to carry a lot of oxygen (hypoxia)

Front 25

What happens when you reach that level of hypoxia

Back 25

The kidneys will be stimulated to produce and release a hormone called erythropoetin will then go through the blood stream to the bone marrow and stimulates RBC's production

Front 26

Characteristics of erythrocytes

Back 26

Carry hemoglobin which turns into oxygen, transport CO2 back to the alveoli where it is released during exhalation, accumulate oxygen at the alveoli surface, transport and release oxygen to all cells of the body, replace the release oxygen with waste gas CO2

Front 27

Function of RBC's destruction

Back 27

Some go through phagocytosis

Hemo-iron is converted to ferritin then stored in the liver to be used for hemoglobin synthesis and bilirubin synthesis

Globin-is degraded to amino acids

Front 28

What is this PCV reading and what does is mean

Back 28

Hemolytic anemia- is when you have a high plasma and low PCV signs: mucous membrane pallor may be masked by icterus

Front 29

What is icterus

Back 29

A yellow orange color due to red cell breakdown products in the blood stream

Front 30

What is the PCV reading

Back 30

There is fat in the blood known as Lipemia - which is caused by obesity or not properly fasted before blood collection

Front 31

What does it mean when the plasma has a reddish tinge

Back 31

Hemolized

Front 32

What are the sings of anemia

Back 32

Pale mucous membranes, reduced exercise tolerance, tachycardia, and an increased inappropriate respiratory rate with exertional dyspnea

Front 33

What is anemia

Back 33

"No blood" means low total hemoglobin

Front 34

Define polycythemia

Back 34

Above normal percentage of erythrocytes in the blood

Front 35

Back 35

Front 36

Back 36

Front 37

Back 37

Front 38

Back 38

Front 39

Back 39

Front 40

Back 40

Front 41

PCV normal values for a dog

Back 41

37-55%

Front 42

PCV normal values for a cat

Back 42

30-45%

Front 43

PCV normal values for a horse

Back 43

32-57%

Front 44

PCV normal values for a cow

Back 44

24-42%

Front 45

Hemoglobin values of a dog

Back 45

12-18g/dL

Front 46

Hemoglobin values of a cat

Back 46

8-15g/dL

Front 47

Hemoglobin values of a horse

Back 47

10.5-18g/dL

Front 48

Hemoglobin values of a cow

Back 48

8-14g/dL

Front 49

List the laboratory test that comprise the CBC

Back 49

Indexx Lasercyte and Abaxis

Front 50

What are the four words you use to describe plasma

Back 50

Yellow, straw, hemolized, or colorless

Hint 50

You would only use clear to describe plasma color in a cow and a horse

Front 51

What equation do you use to get your hemoglobin estimate

Back 51

PCV÷3=_g%

Front 52

What equation do you use to get your RBC count estimate

Back 52

PCV÷6=_×10^6/mm^3

Front 53

What can a large buffy coat indicate

Back 53

That an increase in circulating white blood cells and possibly infection ex. Leukocytosis

Front 54

What is happening in this picture

Back 54

Rouleaux-are linear and sometimes branching chains of RBC's may be seen in increased amounts associated with inflammatory disease

Front 55

describe the reticulocyte as seen in a peripheral blood smear with the use of special stains

Back 55

punctate, aggergate

Front 56

explain the use of erthrocytes indices in assessment of anemias

Back 56

by cell size and cell color

MCV, MCHC, MCH

Front 57

MCV (Mean Cell Volume)

Back 57

it expresses the average volume of the individual erythrocyte and is calculated

(PCV(whole numbers)x10)/RBC count

Front 58

MCH( Mean Cell Hemoglobin)

Back 58

is used to demonstrate the amount of hemoglobin, by weight, in the erythrocyte

(Hb(g/dL)x10)/RBC count

Front 59

MCHC (Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration)

Back 59

is the concentration of hemoglobin in the average erythrocyte

(Hgb.x100)/PCV

Front 60

if the MCHC is low what would it be called

Back 60

Microcytic Hypochromic

Front 61

what are punctate

Back 61

they have been around for a while will only have two little dots

Hint 61

there want be many because they are punks only 2 in a group

Front 62

what are aggregate

Back 62

large clumps of reticulum, will eventually mature into punctate in 12-14 hrs and last 10-14 days

Front 63

when counting reticulocytes which ones will you count and why

Back 63

only the aggeragate because you want to know what the bone marrow is doing and how it is reasoponding

Front 64

What are macrocytes

Back 64

Are usually juvenile RBC and may indicate a regenerative response to anemia, may be seen with cell maturation disorders

Front 65

What are microcytes

Back 65

Often associated with deficiencies of essential erythrocytes nutrients (iron)

Front 66

Described these cells

Back 66

Spherocytes- will be spherical with a lack of central pallor may be present in low numbers when there is a non immune mediated damage to the RBC formed by macrophages

Front 67

What are crenated cells

Back 67

Notching and projections on the surface of RBC

Front 68

What is a Leptocyte cell

Back 68

RBC typically larger with excessive thin membrane and folds two types: target and bar cells

Possible liver disease

Front 69

What is this picture showing

Back 69

Aggulation- a clump of RBC'S that is usually caused by cross-linking RBC's surface associated with antibodies

Front 70

The pen is pointing at a..

Back 70

Ghost cell-remnant members of RBC'S that undergo intravascular lysis

Front 71

Back 71

Howell-Jolly- are fragments of nuclei

Front 72

What is the pen pointing to

Back 72

Basophilic stippling- retained RNA and are most commonly seen during regenerative response in ruminants (lead poisoning)

Front 73

What is anisocytosis

Back 73

used to describe variation in size of RBC ex. Macrocytes or microcytes

Hint 73

Front 74

What word would you use to describe these cells

Back 74

Poikilocytosis-any abnormal shape RBC in circulation

Front 75

What word describes these cells

Back 75

Acanthocyte- RBC with multiple variable size irregular membrane projections that are caused by alterations in the ratio of membrane cholesterol to phospholipids

Front 76

Back 76

Echinocytes- cells with multiple small delicate regular shaped spines distributed evenly around RBC membranes (vitro artifacts)

Front 77

Back 77

Eccentrocytes- RBC with a cresent shaped clear area that is eccentrically placed "oxidant-induced membrane damage"

Front 78

Back 78

Hypochromasia- a RBC in circulation that has a increased central pallor and decreased staining intensity of membrane "iron deficiency"

Front 79

What are these cells

Back 79

Target cells- also known as "codocytes" have an extra round out folding of the membrane in the middle of the cell

Front 80

What type of cell is the pen pointing to

Back 80

Bar cell- RBC with a central bar shaped out folding also known as "knizocyte"

Front 81

What is the cell that the pen is pointing to

Back 81

Schistocytes- are fragments of RBC results from mechanical damage to RBC in circulation ex. microvascular abnormalities, or presence of fibrin strands in the microvasculature

Front 82

What cell Is the pen pointing to

Back 82

Ovalocytes- also known as "elliptocytes" cells that are oval with an oval region of central pallor seen with RBC membrane defects

Front 83

What is the cell that the pen is pointing to

Back 83

Nucleated read blood cell- RBC with a nucleus usually lysed before the reticolocytes stage of RBC maturation

Front 84

What cell is the pen pointing to

Back 84

Polychromasia - larger cell with a grayish blue tinge, the presence of polychromatophils in the blood

Front 85

What are these cells

Back 85

Reticulocyte- an immature RBC that contains clumps of ribosomal RNA and mitochondria

Front 86

Back 86

Stain precipitate- present as small variable sized or purple granular material

Front 87

The cell that the pen is pointing to

Back 87

Stomatocyte-RBC with a central pallor that is oval to enlongated and take a on the appearance of a mouth

Front 88

What cell is the pen pointing to

Back 88

Teardrop cell- also known as "dacryocyte" results for the failure of the cell to resume it's normal shape after passing through the capillaries

Front 89

What are the cells with the inclusions in them

Back 89

An aphasia marginale- a intracellular blood parasite that causes anaplasmosis in cattle and wild ruminate appears as small dark staining coccia

Hint 89

Blood parasite

Front 90

What are the cells that have rod shaped blue structures in them

Back 90

Mycoplasma haemacains

Front 91

What are the cells with small blue coccoid,rod, and ring shaped organisms

Back 91

Mycoplasma haemofelis- also known has feline infectious anemia and stain dark purple

Front 92

The cell that has a round projection from the surface of the RED are called what

Back 92

Heinz bodies

Front 93

Back 93

Babesia canis

Front 94

Back 94

Eperythrozoon- organisms can appear coccoid, rod, or ring shaped structures on the surface of the RBC

Front 95

What is the total protein of a dog

Back 95

5.4-7.5 g/dL

Front 96

What is the total protein of a cat

Back 96

5.7-7.6 g/dL

Front 97

What is the total protein of a horse

Back 97

5.4-7.9 g/dL

Front 98

What is the total protein of a cow

Back 98

6.0-7.5 g/dL