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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 parts of the pancreas |
Right Lobe Left lobe Body |
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Where does the pancreatic duct enters the duodenum? |
Major duodenal papilla |
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What are the two types of tissues in the pancreas |
98% Acini (Exocrine) 2% Islets of Langerhans(endocrine) |
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What are the 4 cell types in the pancreas |
Alpha - glucagon Beta- insulin Delta- somatostatin PP- pancreatic polypeptide |
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What does somatostatin do? |
inhibits secretion of both glucagon and insulin |
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What do the pancreatic enzymes do?
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Digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats neutralize acid chyme emptied from the stomach into the duodenum |
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What are the 3 more important proteolytic enzymes? |
Trypsin chymotrypsin carboxypolypeptidase |
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what is the pancreatic digestive enzyme for carbohydrates? |
Amylase |
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what are the main enzymes for fat digestion |
lipase cholesterol esterase phospholipase |
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Where is bicarbonate secreted from? |
epithelial cells of the ductules and ducts that lead from acini |
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When and where is secretin secreted |
--when highly acidic food enters small intestine --secreted by duodenal and uper jejunal mucosa |
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When and where is cholecystokinin secreted? |
--when food enters the small intestine --Secreted by the duodenal and upper jejunal mucosa |
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Where is acetylcholine released? |
Parasympathetic vagus nerve endings and other cholinergic nerves |
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what are the 3 stages of pancreatic secretions?
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Cephalic - 20% of enzyme secretion Gastric - 5-10% of secretion of enzymes Intestinal -70-80% of total enzymes |
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what breeds of dogs are more predisposed to pancreatitis cats? |
--Miniature Schnauzers, Yorkie, silky, mini poodles --DSH DLH Siamese |
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What diseases make a dog more susceptible to pancreatitis |
hypothyroidism , diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism |
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What is pancreatitis |
--Acute or chronic inflammatory condition --Intrapancreatic activation of enzymes -- Autodigestion of the gland |
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What are the clinical signs of pancreatitis in cats? |
Vague nonspecific signs -anorexia -Weight loss - vomiting more likely to have smoldering low grade chronic pancreatitis |
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What is Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficieny? |
-- Progressive loss of acinar tissue from atrophy or inflammatory destruction --Insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes --Clinical signs of malassimilation occur |
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What are the causes of EPI |
-Non inflammatory pancreatic acinar atrophy - Young dogs - most common cause - chronic relapsing pancreatitis -fibrosis and atrophy |
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What are the clinical signs of EPI |
-increased appetite
-weight loss or inability to gain weight -intense hunger causing pica and coprophagia -large amount of rancid smelling diarrhea -borborygmus and flatulence -dull hair coat |
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What is the best blood test for the detection of EPI |
TLI serum trypsin like immunoreactivity |
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what are more common pancreatic adenomas or adenocarcinomas? |
adenocarcinoma |
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where do exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinomas usually metastasize to?
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-Liver -duodenal hepatic splenic and mesentaric lymphnodes -Mesentary -duodenum -stomach -occasionally the lungs |
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what do pancreatic Beta cell neoplasms do |
of the islets secrete excessive amounts of insulin causes hypoglycemia |
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what is the typical signalment of an animal with pancreatic beta cell neoplasia |
middle aged to older dogs( 6-14years) no typical breed or sex rare in cats VERY COMMON IN FERRETS |
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how to you correct a hypoycemic crisis
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- in hospital administer 50% dextrose IV slowly - owner can run a sugar substance on the gums - should respone within 30-120 seconds |
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What is the goal of therapy for pancreatic beta cell neoplasia ? |
-to control clinical signs NOT correct hypoglycemia -avoid stimulation of the tumor when administering dextrose -administer IV dextrose SLOWLY -over stimulation of tumor may result in persistent seizures and eventual death |
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what is diarrhea |
increase in frequency, fluidity, and volume of feces |
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what is the test that should be done for all pets with diarrhea? |
A fecal flotation |
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what bacteria do most dogs , cats, and birds of prey have in their feces? |
gram negative
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what bacteria do most psittcine birds have in their stool? |
gram positive |
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what part of the body is entered for a gastroduodenoscopy ?
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the mouth |
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how is the patient prepped for gastroduodenoscopy? |
no food 12-18 hours do not preform within 12-24 hours of a barium series |
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how do you prep a patient for a colonoscopy? |
no food 24-36 hours either goLytely the day before and a high enema 2 hours before procedure or 2 enemas the day before and an enema 2 hours before the procedure |
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What may PLE (protein losing enteropathy) lead to? |
edema ascites (do to low protiens oncotic pressue will not be regulated) |
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what are reasons for excessive enteric protein loss? |
-impared intestinal lyphatic drainage (lymphangiectasa) - disruption of mucosal barrier (severe inflammation) |
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what is acute gastric dilatation? |
BLOAT distention of the stomach with gas fluid or ingesta associated with impairment of gastric emptying |
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what is gastric volvulus |
twisting of the stomach - pylorus rotates from the right to the left dorsl to the cardiac sphincter |
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what is the history and signalment of most dogs who present with GDV |
large or giant breeds deep chested dogs acute onset of abdominal distention |
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what should you monitor patients post GDV for? |
ventricular tachycardia and VPC's caused by poor mycardial perfusion |
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what is inflammatory bowel disease?
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idiopathic intestinal inflammation that can effect any portion of intestinal tract |
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what breeds commonly have IBD |
German Shepherd Rottweilers |
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how do you diagnose IBD |
biopsy |
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what is gastritis |
inflammation of the stomach |
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what can cause gastritis?
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Ingestion of spoiled or contaminated food foreign objects toxic plants chemicals irritating drugs |
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Are dogs or cats more commonly affected by gastritis |
Dogs - due to their less discriminating eating habits |
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How do you diagnose gastritis |
exclusion
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What is hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) |
profuse hematemesis and/or hematochezia - progresses rapidly |
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What is bilious vomiting syndrome |
bile stained vomit once a day
usually late at night or just before eating |
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what does does bilious vomiting syndrome effect |
-otherwise normal dogs that are fed once daily in the morning |
