A&p Ii - Lecture - Final

Front 1

Parasympathetic activation of the GI tract leads to:

Back 1

Increased HCL production, pancreatic secretions, and muscle contractions in the muscularis externa. “Rest and digest”

Front 2

Four layers of the GI tract from Lumen to Peritoneum are:

Back 2

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Front 3

Mucosae –

Back 3

Secretory and absorptive layer. Innermost. Composed of: Muscularis mucosa, lamina propria, and simple columnar epithelial tissue.

Front 4

Muscularis mucosa –

Back 4

Controls folds in the small intestines’ epithelial tissue.

Front 5

Lamina Propria –

Back 5

Areolar connective tissue. Supports epithelial tissues. Has lots of while blood cells.

Front 6

Muscularis Externa –

Back 6

Layer composed of at least two muscle layers. Smooth muscle that runs both longitudinally and circularly

Front 7

Submucosa –

Back 7

Dense connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves. Make mucus.

Front 8

Mechanical digestion produces a uniform mixture in the…

Back 8

…stomach

Front 9

The duodenum receives _________ solution from the pancreas

Back 9

bicarbonate

Front 10

Enzymes from the pancreas require a pH of ___ to function

Back 10

8

Front 11

Two types of movement that occurs in the GI tract:

Back 11

Peristalsis and segmentation

Front 12

Mastication –

Back 12

chewing

Front 13

Lower Esophageal Sphincter –

Back 13

(“cardiac sphincter”). Controls esophagus -> stomach opening

Front 14

Pyloric sphincter –

Back 14

Controls stomach -> small intestine

Front 15

Bolus –

Back 15

Balls of food for swallowing

Front 16

Chyme –

Back 16

Completely uniformly mixed food. Exits the stomach as chyme

Front 17

Amylase breaks starch into

Back 17

simple sugars

Front 18

Hydrochloric acid:

Back 18

Kills most bacteria, chops pepsinogen into pepsin

Front 19

Pernicious anemia -

Back 19

Anemia caused by a deficit in B12. The stomach produces an enzyme required for the body to be able to absorb b12

Front 20

Hematocrit –

Back 20

portion of blood that is occupied by cells

Front 21

Palate –

Back 21

Roof of the mouth.

Front 22

Palate: Hard –

Back 22

Palatine and maxillary

Front 23

Palate: Soft –

Back 23

Muscles and connective tissues at the back of the throat

Front 24

Palate: Teeth –

Back 24

2 baby teeth, then 32 adult teeth. Incisors, then canines (has the thickest enamel), premolars, molars, wisdom teeth. Served by the trigeminal (V)

Front 25

Rh Factor is a third irritating antigens. If positive, presence is called “+”. Absence is “-“. Antibodies to Rh are not typically present in plasma of “-” people. Only appears if sensitized. Classic time for sensitizing is...

Back 25

...pregnancy and delivery.
Mother starts making antibodies to baby’s RBCs. Can lead to miscarriage or “hemolytic disease of the newborn”

Front 26

Leukocytes –

Back 26

“White Blood cells”. Fights infection and cancer. Can follow chemical trail given off by pathogens or damaged cells.

Front 27

Phagocytes –

Back 27

When a white blood cell becomes a cell eater

Front 28

Diapedesis –

Back 28

when white blood cells become like amoebas. Puts out pseudo pods and squeezes between endothelial cells to move into tissue.

Front 29

Infundibulum –

Back 29

Connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Front 30

hormones are transported via –

Back 30

blood stream

Front 31

Main functions of hepatocytes:

Back 31

- Produce bile
- Store glucose as glycogen
- Make plasma proteins (albumin, Clotting factors)
- Store fat-soluble vitamins
- Converts NH3 → urea, (from nitrogens on broken down amino acids or nucleaic acids. Large supply from recycles hemoglobin. Build up ammonia can lead to delirium.)

Front 32

Hepatic portal system –

Back 32

ensures that all substances absorbed by digestive organs first pass through the liver for
- Detoxification (poisons, toxins, or medications)
- Bacterial defense (kuppfer WBC [always in the liver])
- Nutrient modification

Front 33

Bile is stored and concentrated in the…

Back 33

…gall bladder

Front 34

Partial oxidation of fats causes…

Back 34

…ketone production. Called ketogenesis.

Front 35

Without sufficient glucose in cells the liver can only partially burn fatty acids to make ATP. These “charred” fatty acids are called…

Back 35

...ketones.

Front 36

High density Lipoprotein:

Back 36

More protein than cholesterol (going from organ to liver). Cleans up blood vessel walls by reducing the risk of heart disease. “Healthy”

Front 37

Low Density Lipoprotein:

Back 37

More cholesterol (liver -> orgran need). Associated with increased risk of heart disease. “Lousy”

Front 38

Vitamin A –

Back 38

Function: New cell growth for healthy skin, hair, vision in dim light

Front 39

Vitamin D –

Back 39

Function: Absorption of calcium (healthy bones/teeth), immune system

Front 40

Vitamin E –

Back 40

Function: Healing of tissues

Front 41

Vitamin K –

Back 41

Function: Blood clotting, protein synthesis

Front 42

Vitamin C –

Back 42

Function: Formation of collagen, healing, immune health, iron absorption

Front 43

Vitamin B –

Back 43

Function: Important for energizing and handling stress

Front 44

Antioxidants –

Back 44

Protect from cell damage. Found primarily in vitamin A,C, and E.

Front 45

-one –

Back 45

Steroid hormone

Front 46

Four primary effects of thyroxin:

Back 46

1) Increases basal metabolic rate of all body cells (ups cellular use of O2 to make ATP). 2) Increases heart rate and blood pressure. 3) Increased erythropoiesis. 4) Enhances the affect of growth hormone.

Front 47

Glycogenesis

Back 47

“Sugar-beginning”. Enzymes of hepatocytes convert individual glucose molecules into glycogen.

Front 48

Glycogenolysis

Back 48

“sugar breaking”. Enzymes break glycogen into individual glucose molecules. Used when stressed, ups blood sugar.

Front 49

Glyconeogenesis

Back 49

“glucose new forming”. Hepatic enzymes use fatty acids and amino acids to build glucose. Used when glycogen stores are depleted such as starvation or diabetes mellitus

Front 50

Hepatic portal system –

Back 50

ensures all blood draining from digestive organs first passes through liver

Front 51

Bilirubin -

Back 51

soluble yellowish pigment left over from hemoglobin breakdown when RBCs are recycled. Some goes back to the blood, filtered through kidneys and makes urine yellow. Some pass through intestines, are modified by bacteria living there. Turns bilirubin -> stercobilin

Front 52

Parathyroid glands –

Back 52

Releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases blood calcium by stimulating osteclasts to breakdown bones

Front 53

Hypothalamus –

Back 53

Regulates Pituitary Gland. Makes ADH and oxytosin. Mastery gland. In the diencephalon.

Front 54

Falciform ligament –

Back 54

Separates right and left lobes. Merges into round ligament. Blood vessel left over from fetal life.

Front 55

Hepatocyte –

Back 55

live cell

Front 56

When liver fails:

Back 56

blood pressure falls (not producing solutes), delusional/ornery (build up of ammonia), erratic blood sugar (no glycogen to steady it), and skin will be yellow (build up of bilirubin)

Front 57

________ crosses the follicular cell from the blood in the first phase of thyroid hormone production

Back 57

iodide

Front 58

Main function of aldosterone:

Back 58

Salt retention for blood pressure regulation

Front 59

Target organ for ADH –

Back 59

Kidney

Front 60

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (A) –

Back 60

Targets melanin – stimulates production of melanin

Front 61

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH )(A) –

Back 61

Targets thyroid – Prompts release of Thyroxin and increases rate of cell activity

Front 62

Oxytocin (P) –

Back 62

Targets reproductive organs – Stimulates milk letdown, labor contraction, and orgasm

Front 63

Follicle stimulating hormone (PSH) (A) –

Back 63

Targets testes and ovaries – Prompts release of testosterone, progesterone, and testosterone. Regulates ovarian and uterine cycle. Secondary sex characteristics

Front 64

Luteinizing Hormone -

Back 64

Targets testes and ovaries – Prompts release of testosterone, progesterone, and testosterone. Regulates ovarian and uterine cycle. Secondary sex characteristics

Front 65

Cortisol –

Back 65

A hormone that simulates glycogenolysis when you’re stressed. Responsible for increasing blood glucose and blood fatty acids

Front 66

Cushings syndrome –

Back 66

Too much ACTH. Symptoms include hyperglycemia (too much cortisol), buffalo hump (redistribution of fat), moon shaped face, and high blood pressure
Addison’s disease – Too little ACTH. JFK had this. Symptoms include low bp (not enough aldosterone), hypoglycemia (not enough cortisol), difficulty dealing with stress, and are tan.
Band cell – immature neutrophil may be a sign of infection.
The most common type of white blood cell: Neutrophil
Primary protein found inside erythrocytes: hemoglobin
Erythropoiten – Thyroxin, testosterone, decreased blood volume, and decreased oxygen in blood stimulates kidney to release erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs
_________ stimulates fibrinogen to became fibrin thrombin

Front 67

Addison’s disease –

Back 67

Too little ACTH. JFK had this. Symptoms include low bp (not enough aldosterone), hypoglycemia (not enough cortisol), difficulty dealing with stress, and are tan.

Front 68

Band cell –

Back 68

immature neutrophil may be a sign of infection.

Front 69

The most common type of white blood cell:

Back 69

Neutrophil

Front 70

Primary protein found inside erythrocytes:

Back 70

hemoglobin

Front 71

Erythropoiten –

Back 71

Thyroxin, testosterone, decreased blood volume, and decreased oxygen in blood stimulates kidney to release erythropoietin which stimulates the bone marrow to produce RBCs

Front 72

_________ stimulates fibrinogen to became fibrin

Back 72

thrombin

Front 73

Eosinophils –

Back 73

Only %2 of WBC. Granules can fight worms and some fungi, allergic response. Red granules.

- Leaves about 6

Front 74

Four primary effects of thyroxin:

Back 74

1) Increases basal metabolic rate of all body cells (ups cellular use of O2 to make ATP). 2) Increases heart rate and blood pressure. 3) Increased erythropoiesis. 4) Enhances the affect of growth hormone.

Front 75

Pericardical cavity contains a lubricating fluid called ______ fluid

Back 75

serous

Front 76

Cardiac muscles have a _______er absolute refractory period than skeletal muscles

Back 76

long-

Front 77

The _______ ventricular muscle wall is thicker to pump with more strength

Back 77

left

Front 78

Cardiac output equation:

Back 78

CO=SVxHR

Front 79

Ectopic focus –

Back 79

An excitable group of cells that causes their own contraction. Can interrupt normal contractions especially when overstressed or tired.

Front 80

Sinoatrial node –

Back 80

Pacemaker of the heart. Damage results in a too slow heartbeat

Front 81

Atrioventricular node –

Back 81

Accepts the impulse from the sinoatrial node. Fires the action potential that makes atria and ventricles contract. Damage to the AV node is called a “heart block”. The heart beats at a steady 40-60 b/min

Front 82

SV =

Back 82

EDV – ESV

Front 83

Steps of the heart’s contraction –

Back 83

1) Sinatrial Node ->
2) Atrioventricular Node ->
3) Bundle Fibers ->
4) Bundle branches ->
5) Purkinje fibers

Front 84

Stroke volume –

Back 84

amount of blood ejected from each ventricle in one pump. Healthy hearts have higher SV. EDV-ESV=SV

Front 85

P wave –

Back 85

Caused by depolarization or atria. Occurs immediately before atrial contraction

Front 86

QRS Wave/complex –

Back 86

Depolarization of the ventricles. Occurs immediately before ventricular contraction. Atria are also repolarizing, but that’s masked

Front 87

T Wave –

Back 87

Repolarization of ventricles.

Front 88

Blood flows through the heart is controlled entirely by ________ changes

Back 88

pressure

Front 89

AV valves close when ______ contracts

Back 89

ventricle

Front 90

Semilunar valves _____ when ventricle contracts

Back 90

open

Front 91

Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole)

Back 91

Opening of AV valve starts this phase –
- Blood flowing from the atria into the ventricle. Usually fills up to about ~130 mL
- Atrial systole occurs during this phase. Contributing a small amount of blood to the ventricle
- Valve status:
AV valves: open
SL valves: closed

Front 92

Ventricular Systole

Back 92

- Isovolumetric contraction (“same volume” because both valves are closed) then ventricular ejection phase
- When pressure in ventricle overcomes pressure in the aorta, SL valve opens and blood ejection occurs
- Average pressure needed = 120mm Hg
- Usually about 70ml of blood ejected
- Leaves about 60 ml in the ventricle (ESV)

Front 93

Isovolumetric Relaxation Closing of semilunar valves mark the beginning of this phase. Heard as “dub”)

Back 93

- Semilunar valve close when ventricular pressure is less than aorta
- AV valve closed because ventricular pressure hasn’t dropped enough
- Pressure drops rapidly until AV valve opens and we have ventricular filling again.

Front 94

Heart rate increased by –

Back 94

norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroxine

Front 95

Heart rate decreased by –

Back 95

Acetylecholine.

Front 96

Norepinephrine –

Back 96

increases heart rate and force of contraction. B1 adrenergic receptors. Norepinephrine effects is blocked by beta blockers

Front 97

Congestive heart failure –

Back 97

when cardiac output cannot meet the demands of the tissues. Degenerative. Prognosis is poor. Four causes/types: Coronary atherosclerosis, persistent high blood pressure, multiple myocardial infarcts, and dilated cardiomyopathy.

Front 98

The layers of blood vessels –

Back 98

Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

Front 99

Tunica intima –

Back 99

closest layer of the blood vessel. Made of endothelial, simple squamous cells. Capillaries are made of tunica intima only

Front 100

Tunica media –

Back 100

middle layer of blood vessels. Contains smooth muscles that are important to blood pressure regulation. Arteries have thicker tunica media than veins do.

Front 101

Tunica Externa –

Back 101

outer coat of blood vessel. Made of collagen fibers. “Aventicia”

Front 102

Blood pressure =

Back 102

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Front 103

Angiotensin –

Back 103

Renin from kidneys eventually activates AII. AII stimulates aldo, vasoconstriction, and ADH.

Front 104

High blood pressure damaging blood vessel walls is a possible negative effect of chronic ________

Back 104

hypertension

Front 105

_______ are blood vessel that can constrict to regulate blood pressure

Back 105

capillaries

Front 106

About _________ of blood are pumped through the heart every minute

Back 106

5 liters

Front 107

Pre load –

Back 107

The amount the heart stretches just before it contracts. Stretchy-er heart raises EDV

Front 108

Slower ______ _______ allows more time for ventricular filling (affects EDV)

Back 108

heart rate

Front 109

Exercise strengthens mycocardium so ______ ______ increases. Heart rate goes down and cardiac output need is still met.

Back 109

stroke volume

Front 110

When baroreceptors are very active, parasympathetic output form the vagus is _________

Back 110

increased

Front 111

With respect to chemoreceptors, what are three stimulus for decreased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?

Back 111

- Increased CO2
- Decreased pH
- Decreased BP

Front 112

Fluid that does not re-enter the capillary system is returned to the blood stream via the __________ __________

Back 112

lymphatic system

Front 113

Hormal controls of BP:

Back 113

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide (blocks aldosterone’s effect), ADH, and angiotensin II.

Front 114

_______’s ________ is a protusion of thyroid cartilage

Back 114

Adam’s apple

Front 115

Connective tissue that separates right and left lungs:

Back 115

mediastium

Front 116

As we breath in, intrapleural pressure changes from

Back 116

-4 to -7 and intrapulmonary pressure changes from +1 to -1

Front 117

Dead space –

Back 117

the amount of air that doesn’t participate in gas exchange

Front 118

Surfactant –

Back 118

necessary to keep alveoli open, some babies may not have enough.
Something that can be treated by steroid injections

Front 119

Surfactant (Type II) cells -

Back 119

secrete surfactant, which decreases surface tension in the alveolus to prevent collapse. Lack of surfactant can lower lung compliance.

Front 120

Description of inhalation and exhalation:

Back 120

When we inhale, the diagram contracts downward bringing the parital pleura and the visceral pleara down and out, creating negative pressure by increasing volume. In exhalation, the diaphragm and ribs relax up and in, decreasing volume, creating positive pressure, and pushing air out.

Front 121

Eustacian tube –

Back 121

equalizes pressure in middle ear,.

Front 122

Purpose of the nasal conchea (turbinates) –

Back 122

Clean, moisten, and warm air as it enters the body.

Front 123

Epiglottis –

Back 123

Elastic cartilage. Swallowing muscles cause the epiglottis to close. Very sensitive nerve endings around epiglottis cause tearing, coughing, vomiting.

Front 124

Each lung is divided into 8 or 9

Back 124

bronchiopulmonary segments

Front 125

Three layers of the respiratory membrane:

Back 125

1) Areolar epithelial tissue (simple squamous), 2) Areolar connective tissue, 3) Pulmonary epithelial tissue (simple squamous)

Front 126

Two functions of the kidney:

Back 126

1) regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) and 2) excrete waste products from the body.

Front 127

How many lobes are in each kidney?

Back 127

8-15

Front 128

Nephron –

Back 128

one filtration unit in a kidney

Front 129

Three process in urine formation:

Back 129

Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption

Front 130

Reabsorption –

Back 130

when desired substances pass back into the peritubular capillary and are saved from excretion

Front 131

Kidney blood supply - Aorta → renal artery → segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries →

Back 131

cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles (microscopic) → glomerulus (capillary bed) → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron) and vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) → venules and veins converge until reaching the renal vein

Front 132

From collecting ducts to papillary ducts to minor calyx(es) which drain into…

Back 132

renal pelvis ->ureters ->bladder ->urethra

Front 133

Each kidney contains approximately _________ nephrons

Back 133

1.3 mill

Front 134

Renal corpuscle –

Back 134

Glomerus and bowman’s capsule

Front 135

Nephron:

Back 135

One functional unit of a kidney. Includes the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct.

Front 136

Hypernatremia –

Back 136

dehydration: condition of high Na+ concentration (i.e. water depletion). This results in decreased plasma volume and blood pressure that can lead to hypovolemic shock (inadequate circulation) and confusion

Front 137

Hypokalemia –

Back 137

low K+ concentration in the ECF: will cause muscular weakness and mental confusion

Front 138

Hyperkalemia –

Back 138

high K+ concentration in the ECF: will cause cardiac arrhythmia and flaccid paralysis

Front 139

Hyponatremia –

Back 139

decrease of Na+ in the plasma

Front 140

Hypernatremia –

Back 140

increase in plasma levels of sodium

Front 141

Aldosterone leads to the secretion of K+ from the ________ __________ _________

Back 141

Distal convoluted tubule

Front 142

If a person’s blood is hypertonic, they are likely to be _____________

Back 142

dehydrated

Front 143

The DCT is MOST sensitive to hormone ___________ while collecting ducts are most sensitive to ______

Back 143

aldosterone…ADH

Front 144

Three nitrogenous wastes found in urine are

Back 144

urea, creatinine, and uric acid

Front 145

In the kidneys, glucose and amino acids…

Back 145

..are filtered out but should always be completely reabsorbed

Front 146

- CO2 makes your blood

Back 146

acidic (combines with water to make acid)

Front 147

- Exercise, stress, diarrhea or illness causes blood to be

Back 147

acidic

Front 148

- Ketones produced in large amounts by diabetes make blood

Back 148

acidic.

Front 149

- Metabolic acidosis –

Back 149

cell producing more acid

Front 150

- 3 Mechanisms to restore blood pH:

Back 150

1) Chemical buffers (works in seconds),
2) Respiratory buffers…breath CO2 our faster (works within minutes), and
3) Kidneys…secrete H+ ions to decrease acidity (hours and days. But most powerful)

Front 151

- Respiratory acidosis – It’s the _____ fault!

Back 151

lungs

Front 152

- Respiratory alkalosis –

Back 152

lungs blowing off too much CO2 (hyperventilating)

Front 153

- Metabolic alkalosis –

Back 153

when cells are losing too many H+ (extreme vomiting)

Front 154

Placenta previa –

Back 154

egg attached to the cervix

Front 155

Ectopic pregnancy –

Back 155

egg is….where? Not where it should be!

Front 156

Eggs travel down the fallopian tubes for a _____ before implanting in the uterus

Back 156

week

Front 157

Week 1

Back 157

1st day of period)

Front 158

Week 2

Back 158

when fertilization occurs)

Front 159

Week 3

Back 159

(implantation begins)

Front 160

Week 5

Back 160

Heart starts beating.
nueral tube closes, but if not, there’s spinal bifida. Folic acid help prevent this

Front 161

Week6

Back 161

Heart beat visible on ultrasound

Front 162

Week 10

Back 162

Embryonic period ends
-All organs formed

Front 163

Week 12

Back 163

Heart beat heard on Doppler stethascope

Front 164

Week 13

Back 164

About when first trimester has ended and placenta takes over progesterone production (corpus luteum not needed anymore)
Sex visible but not always accurate

Front 165

Week 20

Back 165

Usually when a detailed ultrasound is done for abnormalities

Front 166

Week 21

Back 166

Earliest survival of premie recorded

Front 167

Week 24

Back 167

50% chance of survival if born now

Front 168

Week 27

Back 168

End of 2nd trimester

Front 169

Week 28

Back 169

80% chance of survival if born

Front 170

Week 32-35

Back 170

When lungs finish, are now making surfactant. If not ready, the mother can be given steroid injections

Front 171

Week 37

Back 171

“Full term"

Front 172

Placenta –

Back 172

Pancake shaped capillary of mother runs right next to baby’s capillary (w/o touching). Glucose, fatty acids, nurtrients, water, hormone diffuse to baby’s blood vessels. CO2 and waste also diffuses

Front 173

Take home:

Back 173

placenta provides exchange.

Front 174

Umbilical cord –

Back 174

contains umbilical artery and vein. Very stretchy, almost jelly like. The more active the baby, the longer the umbilical cord

Front 175

Amiotic sac –

Back 175

very strong membrane

Front 176

Amiotic fluid –

Back 176

mostly bay’s urine

Front 177

Labor initiated by baby’s chemical and

Back 177

mother’s chemicals

Front 178

Cervix goes from 0cm to

Back 178

10cm

Front 179

Baby usually born head first, head

Back 179

to the floor

Front 180

3 Glands that make semen:

Back 180

Seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland

Front 181

4 Components of semen:

Back 181

Fructose (5 days worth of food), alkalinity, stickiness, and sperm

Front 182

Vas deferens –

Back 182

tube from testis to urethra (?)

Front 183

Epididymus -

Back 183

“upon the mind” where sperm mature and learn to swim

Front 184

Testis –

Back 184

million of sperm every day through mitosis

Front 185

Each sperm contains only one copy of DNA and that cell contains ____ or ____ chromosome

Back 185

x…y

Front 186

Scrotum –

Back 186

attached to the body with muscles to help regulate temperature. Contains the testes

Front 187

Sperm must mature at ___ deg below body temperature

Back 187

3

Front 188

A woman is born with aprox _____,______ immature eggs and that’s all she gets

Back 188

400,000

Front 189

Fallopian tubes –

Back 189

carries egg to uterus

Front 190

Myonatrium –

Back 190

thick muscle layer of uterus. must be thick because it stretches as the baby grows

Front 191

Endometrial lining –

Back 191

bloody, nutrious lining

Front 192

3 Ways of telling when ovulation is occurring –

Back 192

body temperature, texture of cervical, and consistency of cervical mucus

Front 193

ovulation caused by ________ hormone. Also maintains corpus leteum

Back 193

luteinizing

Front 194

egg dies if not fertilized in _____ _______

Back 194

24 hours

Front 195

Day 10-___ is when a woman is most fertile

Back 195

14

Front 196

Estrogen is the main hormone for the first ______ weeks

Back 196

two

Front 197

________ stimulating hormone stimulates egg to grow

Back 197

Follicle

Front 198

FSH signals the ovaries to release _________

Back 198

estrogen

Front 199

About ___ days after ovulation, the egg implants in the uterine lining

Back 199

7

Front 200

Ovum –

Back 200

where the egg is

Front 201

The ______ is surrounded by mourishing cells that stimulate the egg to grow by producing estrogen

Back 201

ovum

Front 202

Pregnancy changes are due to ________

Back 202

progesterone

Front 203

Secondary sex characteristics are due to __________

Back 203

estrogen

Front 204

After the ovum is released, the noursishing cells start producing ________

Back 204

progesterone

Front 205

Corpus luteum –

Back 205

secretes progesterone and degenerates by the end of the cycle if cell is not fertilized. Produces progesterone until placement (12 weeks) if cell is fertilized

Front 206

Most water absorption happens in

Back 206

the large intestines

Front 207

Chemically breaks down protein

Back 207

trypsin

Front 208

________ fibers from the _______ _______ travel down the vagus nerve and synapse on the SA node and release actylecholine

Back 208

parasympathetic...medulla oblongatta

Front 209

congestive heart failure on the right side of the heart leads to

Back 209

systemic edema

Front 210

________ pressure must always be present in the intraplueral space

Back 210

negative

Front 211

cramping and restlessness are often symptoms of

Back 211

hyperkalemia

Front 212

a patient on diuretics for heart problems has muscle weakness, what is the likely electrolyte imbalabnce?

Back 212

hypokalemia