Clinical Chemistry - Unit 8 + 9

Front 1

Vitamins

Back 1

- organic molecules
- majority of vitamins are not synthesized by the body
- supplied by diet

Front 2

Minerals

Back 2

- inorganic elements
- synthesized by the body

Front 3

Mineral Functions

Back 3

- determine osmotic concentrations of body fluids
- regulate acid-base balance
- cofactors in many enzymatic reactions
- essential for muscle contraction
- participate in nerve conduction
- used as structural components

Front 4

Calcium Deficiency

Back 4

- stunned growth
- rickets
- osteomalacia
- convulsions
- tetany

Front 5

Calcium Excess

Back 5

- kidney stones
- mental dysfunction
- renal dysfunction

Front 6

Potassium Deficiency

Back 6

- lassitude
- polyuria
- muscular weakness

Front 7

Potassium Excess

Back 7

- muscular weakness
- arrhythmia
- death

Front 8

Iron Deficiency

Back 8

- pallour
- weakness
- microcytic anemia

Front 9

Iron Excess

Back 9

- siderosis
- hemochromatosis

Front 10

Iodine Deficiency

Back 10

- goiter
- hypothyroidism

Front 11

Iodine Excess

Back 11

- decreased thyroid activity
- goiter

Front 12

Vitamin A Sources

Back 12

- a.k.a retinol
- animal sources: liver, kidney, cream and egg yolk
- plant sources: B-carotene from yellow and green veggies

Front 13

Vitamin A Deficiency

Back 13

- night blindness (dry conjunctiva and cornea)

Front 14

Vitamin A Functions

Back 14

- visual functions: component of visual pigment called rhodopsin
- growth functions: deficiency = CNS damage
- reproduction functions: spermatogenesis in men
- epithelial cells function: normal differentiation and mucous secretions

Front 15

Vitamin D Sources

Back 15

- D2 is found in plants
- D3 is found in animal tissue

Front 16

Vitamin D Functions

Back 16

- active form is 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
- stimulates uptake of calcium from the small intestine
- inhibits release of calcium from the kidney

Front 17

Vitamin D Deficiency

Back 17

- loss of calcium in bone resulting in rickets and osteomalacia
- increased risk of fractures

Front 18

Vitamin D Excess

Back 18

- hypercalcemia leads to loss of appetite, nausea, thirst, stupor and tetany

Front 19

Vitamin E Sources

Back 19

- veggie oils, liver and eggs

Front 20

Vitamin E Functions

Back 20

- anti-oxidant and improve oxygen use of tissues

Front 21

Vitamin E Deficiency

Back 21

- neurological disorders

Front 22

Vitamin K Sources

Back 22

- cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, liver and egg yolk

Front 23

Vitamin K Functions

Back 23

- hepatic synthesis of prothrombin and the coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X)

Front 24

Vitamin K Deficiency

Back 24

- bleeding disorders and increased PT times

Front 25

Vitamin K Excess

Back 25

- toxic to RBC membrane
- results in hemolytic anemia and jaundice

Front 26

Vitamin B1 Sources

Back 26

- meat, whole grains, legumes and outer layer of seeds

Front 27

Vitamin B1 Functions

Back 27

- co-factor in oxidative phosphorylation

Front 28

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

Back 28

- thiamine deficiency (enzyme activity is decreased in oxidation of pyruvate)
- ATP production is decreased

Front 29

BeriBeri

Back 29

- in vitamin B1 deficiency
- ATP production is decreased

Front 30

Vitamin B2 Sources

Back 30

- milk, eggs, green leafy veggies
- a.k.a riboflavin

Front 31

Vitamin B2 Functions

Back 31

- active forms are FAD and FMN
- function in oxidative phosphorylation

Front 32

Vitamin B2 Symptoms

Back 32

- dermatitis, cheiolsis (fissuring at corners of mouth) and glossitis (smooth and purple tongue)

Front 33

Niacin (B3) Sources

Back 33

- unrefined grains, cereals, lean meats and liver

Front 34

Niacin Functions

Back 34

- active forms are NAD and NADPH
- functions in oxidative phosphorylation, pentose-phosphate shunt metabolism, steroid metabolism and oxidation-reduction reactions

Front 35

Niacin Deficiencies

Back 35

- cause pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis and dementia)
- red scarlet tongue

Front 36

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Sources

Back 36

- wheat, corn, egg yolks, liver and muscle meats

Front 37

Vitamin B6 Functions

Back 37

- coenzyme in transamination and decarboxylation

Front 38

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

Back 38

- in infants fed formula that lack B6
- alcoholics
- symptoms: muscle twitching, convulsions and microcytic anemia

Front 39

Biotin Sources

Back 39

- almost all foods
- provided by intestinal bacteria

Front 40

Biotin Functions

Back 40

- caries CO2 and co-factor in carboxylation reactions

Front 41

Folic Acid Sources

Back 41

- green leafy veggies, liver and whole grains

Front 42

Folic Acid Functions

Back 42

- synthesis of amino acids, purines and thymidylic acid
- active form is tetrahydrofolic acid

Front 43

Folic Acid Deficiencies

Back 43

- metaloblastic anemia and growth failure
- symptoms: pallor, glossitis and diarrhea

Front 44

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Sources

Back 44

- not in plants
- found in eggs, oysters, chicken and fresh shrimp

Front 45

Vitamin B12 Functions

Back 45

- requires synthesis of methionine and succinyl-CoA

Front 46

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Back 46

- due to intestinal malabsorption
- absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells in the stomach
- deficiencies are in pernicious anemia
- 3 P's (parametal, posterior column and peripheral nerves)

Front 47

Ascorbic Acid Sources

Back 47

- citrus fruits, potato skins and tomatoes

Front 48

Ascorbic Acid Functions

Back 48

- in hydroxylation reactions
- promotes intestinal absorption of iron
- anti-oxidant scavenger

Front 49

Ascorbic Acid Deficiencies

Back 49

- cause scurvy

Front 50

Ascorbic Acid Excess

Back 50

- associated with oxalic acid stones and diarrhea

Front 51

Pantothenic Acid (B5) Sources

Back 51

- eggs, liver and yeast

Front 52

Pantothenic Acid Functions

Back 52

- component of CoA and functions in the transfer of acyl groups in fatty acid synthesis

Front 53

Pantothenic Acid Symptoms

Back 53

- fatigue, sleep disturbances, nausea and impaired coordination

Front 54

Highest Daily Allowances - Energy

Back 54

- carbohydrates

Front 55

Highest Daily Allowances - Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Back 55

- Vitamin A

Front 56

Highest Daily Allowances - Water-Soluble Vitamins

Back 56

- Ascorbic Acid

Front 57

Highest Daily Allowances - Minerals

Back 57

- Potassium

Front 58

Lowest Daily Allowances - Energy

Back 58

- Protein

Front 59

Lowest Daily Allowances - Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Back 59

- Vitamin D

Front 60

Fat-Soluble Vitamins - Water-Soluble Vitamins

Back 60

- Folate

Front 61

Water-Soluble Vitamins - Minerals

Back 61

- Selenium

Front 62

1 kcal = ______ kJ

Back 62

- 4.184

Front 63

1 kJ = ______ kcal

Back 63

- 0.239

Front 64

Energy Requirements (from most to least)

Back 64

- carbs
- lipids
- proteins

Front 65

Basal Metabolic Rate (What is it?)

Back 65

- minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake and alert person

Front 66

BMR - Harris Benedict Equation (Males)

Back 66

66 + (13.7 x W) + (5 x H) - (6.8 x A)

Front 67

BMR - Harris Benedict Equation (Females)

Back 67

655 + (9.6 x W) + (1.8 x H) - (4.7 x A)

Front 68

Injury with the highest activity % increase and highest stress factor is?

Back 68

- 50% burns
- (2nd) multiple trauma (patient is on ventilator)

Front 69

Injury with the lowest activity % increase and lowest stress factor is?

Back 69

- elective operation

Front 70

Accessory Organs

Back 70

- salivary glands
- liver and gallbladder
- pancreas

Front 71

Name the 3 pairs of salivary glands.

Back 71

- parotid
- sublingual glands
- submandibular glands

Front 72

Saliva composition

Back 72

99.4% water and 0.6% electrolytes, digestive enzymes (alpha amylase - ptyalin, lipase - from lingual glands), buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), antibodies and waste products

Front 73

Name the regions of the stomach.

Back 73

cardia, fundus, body, antrum and pylorus

Front 74

What are the functions of the stomach?

Back 74

storage, mechanical breakdown (chyme), chemical breakdown, production of intrinsic factor (glycoprotein)

Front 75

Name the characteristics of gastric juice.

Back 75

- pH is 2.0
- the acid content is 160 mmol/L of HCl

Front 76

What are the cells of gastric glands and what do they secrete?

Back 76

- parietal cells (HCl and intrinsic factor)
- chief cells (pepsinogen which is converted to gastrin)