Clinical Chemistry - Chapter 14 - Carbohydrates

Front 1

Carbohydrates contain:

Back 1

C, H and O

Front 2

Glucose, fructose and galactose are all:

Back 2

monosaccharides

Front 3

Maltose, lactose and sucrose are all:

Back 3

disaccharides

Front 4

Starch and glycogen are both

Back 4

polysaccharides

Front 5

What are some reducing carbohydrates?

Back 5

Glucose,maltose, fructose, lactose, galactose

Front 6

Name a nonreducing carbohydrate.

Back 6

Sucrose

Front 7

The nervous system can't store or concentrate glucose so it depends on glucose from the _______.

Back 7

ECF

Front 8

Glucose is stored as:

Back 8

glycogen

Front 9

Glucose is converted to glucose-6-phosphate in a process catalyzed by the enzyme:

Back 9

hexokinase

Front 10

Glucose-6-phosphate is broken down to pyruvic acid in which pathway?

Back 10

Embden-Meyerhof

Front 11

Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to glucose-1-phosphate, then glycogen in which pathway?

Back 11

Hexose monophosphate

Front 12

What is the name of the process by which glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate and converted to glucose?

Back 12

gluconeogenesis

Front 13

What is the name of the process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate or lactate?

Back 13

Glycolysis

Front 14

What is the name of the process by which glycogen is converted back to glucose-6-phosphate?

Back 14

Glycogenolysis

Front 15

What is the primary hormone responsible for entry of glucose into cells?

Back 15

insulin

Front 16

Insulin is synthesized by:

Back 16

Beta cells of the islets ofLangerhans in pancreas

Front 17

Insulin is released when glucose is:

Back 17

high

Front 18

What is the primary hormoneresponsible for increasing glucose level?

Back 18

glucagon

Front 19

Glucagon is synthesized by:

Back 19

alpha cells of the isletsof Langerhans in the pancreas

Front 20

Which hormones decrease glucose levels?

Back 20

insulin

Front 21

Which hormones increase glucose levels?

Back 21

glucagon, epinephrine,glucocorticoids, growth hormone, ACTH, thyroxine

Front 22

What are the lab findings in hyperglycemia?

Back 22

Increasedglucose in plasma and urine, increase urine specific gravity, increase serumand urine osmolality, ketones in serum and urine, decreased blood and urine pH,electrolyte imbalance

Front 23

A group of metabolic diseasescharacterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion,insulin action, or both are known as:

Back 23

diabetes mellitus

Front 24

Type I DM is caused by:

Back 24

destruction of Beta cells,resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin; genetic

Front 25

Ketoacidosis is seen in:

Back 25

Type I DM

Front 26

Ketones are formed from:

Back 26

the oxidation of fatty acids

Front 27

Type II diabetes is caused by:

Back 27

dysfunctional insulinreceptors leading to a relative insulin deficiency

Front 28

In ______________________, fetal insulin secretion isstimulated in the neonate of a mother with diabetes; when the infant is bornand umbilical cord is cut, the infant’s oversupply of glucose is abruptlyterminated, causing severe hypoglycemia

Back 28

gestational diabetes

Front 29

Criteria for testing for pre-diabetes/diabetes includes:

Back 29

,Familyhistory, Race/ethnicity(African American, Latino, Native American), Signsof insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans, hypertension, dyslipidemia, PCOS), Maternalhistory

Front 30

Hypoglycemia symptoms appear when glucose levels reach:

Back 30

50-55 mg/dL

Front 31

Von-Gierke disease is a deficiency in:

Back 31

glucose-6-phosphate

Front 32

What is the reference method for glucose?

Back 32

hexokinase

Front 33

What method does the Clinitest use?

Back 33

Copper reduction

Front 34

Which test provides clinician withtime-averaged picture of patient’s blood glucose concentration over past 3months?

Back 34

GlycosylatedHemoglobin/Hemoglobin A1c

Front 35

CSF glucose should be about __________% of the blood glucose level

Back 35

60-70%

Front 36

If the CSF glucose is decreased and protein increased, the patient likely has:

Back 36

bacterial meningitis