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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ddx: alkaline urine
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normal in LA: veggie based diet
UTI: urease producing bacteria metabolic or respiratory alkalosis postprandial alkaline tide |
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ddx: ketonuria
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DKA
starvation ketosis: cattle (HYPOglycemic) pregnancy toxemia: sheep |
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causes of pre-renal azotemia
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hypovolemia: GI hemorrhage, dehydration, shock, CV dz
fever starvation infection |
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ddx: proteinuria
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preglomerular:
-functional: strenuous exercise, extreme heat/cold, stress, fever -tubular overload: inc. production of low MW plasma proteins glomerular: GN, amyloidosis postglomerular: tubular (defective reabsorption: Fanconi's, etc.), inflammation, hemorrhage |
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lab findings w/ post-renal azotemia
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oliguria to anuria
variable usg normal PCV & albumin hyperkalemia FxEx(Na) < 1% |
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lab findings w/ renal tubular dz
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U/A: casts, glucosuria, 1+ proteinuria, UP:UC < 3, dilute urine
acute: good BCS azotemia |
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lab findings w/ pyelonephritis
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U/A: active sediment (WBCs, bacteria), cellular casts, dilute urine
azotemia |
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ddx for Na:K < 23
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Addison's
uroabdomen renal failure GI dz artifact: breeds w/ inc. potassium in RBCs |
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differentiating primary hyperparathyroidism from HCM
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hypercalcemia w/ hypophosphatemia
HCM: R/I by finding tumor measure PTH & PTH-rp -primary hyperparathyroidism: inc. PTH, normal to dec. PTH-rp -HCM: normal to dec. PTH, inc. PTH-rp |
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lab findings w/ pre-renal azotemia
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polycythemia, hyperproteinemia, BUN/Cr > 20
U/A: usg > 1.030, FxEx(Na) < 1% |
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ddx for hypoglycemia
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insulinoma
insulin OD sepsis neonate starvation Addison's ketosis pregnancy small dog endurance horse artifact |
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ddx for PU/PD
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CRF
psychogenic PD DM DI Cushing's liver dz hypercalcemia drugs |
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ddx for hypercalcemia w/ hypophosphatemia
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HCM
primary hyperparathyroidism renal failure (horse) |
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ddx for hypercalcemia w/ normo- to hyperphosphatemia
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HCM
primary hyperparathyroidism renal failure idiopathic (cat) vitamin D toxicosis Addison's young animals Blastomycosis |
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ddx for hypocalcemia w/ hyperphosphatemia
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renal dz
primary hypoparathyroidism |
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ddx for hypocalcemia w/ normo- to hypophosphatemia
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hypoalbuminemia
renal dz primary hypoparathyroidism milk fever eclampsia pancreatitis blister beetle toxicity nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism endurance racing |
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ddx for hyperglycemia
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DM
inc. catecholamines (stress) inc. glucocorticoids (Cushing's or exogenous) postprandial ethylene glycol toxicity drugs pancreatitis hormones |
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ddx for hyperkalemia
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ARF
pre- or post- renal azotemia uroabdomen Addison's acidosis |
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ddx for hypokalemia
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CRF
vomiting/diarrhea alkalosis |
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ddx for glucosuria
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w/ persistent hyperglycemia: DM, Cushing's
w/ transient hyperglycemia: stress, glucocorticoids, pancreatitis, ethylene glycol toxicity |
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insulinoma
a. caused by... b. chem findings c. screen d. confirm |
a. beta cell tumor (malignant in dogs)
b. marked hypoglycemia, marked hypokalemia, marked hypophosphatemia c. marked hypoglycemia d. abdominal sx & excisional bx or inc. endogenous insulin (measured when patient is hypoglycemic) |
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hyperthyroidism
a. caused by... b. CBC findings c. chem findings d. screen e. confirm |
a. thyroid adenoma
b. stress leukogram, polycythemia c. inc. liver enzymes, hyperglycemia (stress) d. inc. T4, fT4 e. T3 suppression test: will not suppress to 50% of basal T4 level |
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hypothyroidism
a. caused by... b. CBC findings c. chem findings d. screen e. confirm |
a. lymphocytic thyroiditis (dogs), goiter (LA), pituitary lesion (uncommon)
b. mild nonreg. anemia c. marked inc. cholesterol, lipemia, inc. liver enzymes d. dec. T4, fT4 (good to R/O) e. endog. TSH -inc. w/ primary, dec. w/ secondary, normal in euthyroid sick animals could also measure T3 & T4 Ab's |
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Cushing's
a. caused by... b. CBC findings c. chem findings d. U/A findings e. screen f. confirm |
a. pituitary adenoma (80-85%), adrenal tumor (10-15%), iatrogenic, idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia
b. stress leukogram, polycythemia c. marked inc. ALP, hyperglycemia, dec. phosphorous d. dec. usg, glucosuria, active sediment e. inc. UCCR (good to R/O), ACTH stim: 5x inc. over basal cortisol, LDDS: no suppression (good to R/O) f. endog. ACTH: dec. w/ primary, inc. w/ secondary HDDS: primary: no suppression, secondary: suppression |
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Addison's
a. caused by... b. CBC findings c. chem findings d. U/A findings e. screen |
a. lymphocytic adrenalitis (90-95%), pituitary tumor, iatrogenic
b. NO stress leukogram, mild nonregen. anemia c. azotemia, Na/K < 23, hyperphosphatemia, +/- hypercalcemia, hypochloridemia, hyperalbuminemia d. s.g. may be inc. (dehydration) or dec. (medullary washout) e. ACTH stim: little to no inc. in basal cortisol endogenous ACTH: inc. w/ primary, dec. w/ secondary basal cortisol: low to low normal electrolyte abnormalities: yes w/ primary, no w/ secondary |
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glomerular dz
a. CBC b. chem c. U/A |
a. anemia
b. hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, azotemia c. proteinuria (3-4+), UP/UC > 5 (>10: GN, > 20: amyloidosis) ascites, wt. loss nephrotic syndrome |
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uroabdomen
a. chem b. dx |
a. azotemia, dec. Na, Cl, inc. K
b. peritoneal creatinine > serum creatinine |
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diabetes mellitus
a. caused by... b. CBC findings c. chem findings d. U/A findings e. confirm |
a. type I: absolute insulin deficiency
type II: relative insulin deficiency (insulin resistance) type III: insulin antagonism b. stress +/- inflammatory leukogram c. marked hyperglycemia, inc. liver enzymes, inc. cholesterol & TG d. glucosuria, ketonuria, active sediment e. hyperglycemia + glucosuria + ketonuria = DKA endogenous insulin: markedly dec. w/ type I, increased w/ type II |
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ddx: decreased BUN
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dec. production: hepatic dz, PSS
inc. excretion: diuresis |
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ethylene glycol toxicity
a. CBC b. chem c. U/A |
a. +/- stress leukogram, polycythemia
b. azotemia (late), dec. Ca, inc. P, large osmol gap (1 h), large anion gap (3 h) c. casts, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals, isosthenuria ARF, nephrosis |
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ddx: acidic urine
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normal in SA (meat based diet)
acidifying diets or drugs metabolic or respiratory acidosis paradoxical aciduria (severe vomiting or abomasal obstruction) |
