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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reference range for H+ is ? What [H+] is not compatible with life |
35-45nmol/l (based on pH=7.35-7.45) Concentration incompatible with life is <20nmol/l and >120nmol/l |
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Sources of Hydrogen Ion |
●Dissolved CO2 in blood(that get converted to H+ within cells) ●Metabolism( lactic acid, especially from oxidation of sulphur containing amino acid) |
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Ammonium buffer is a |
Urinary buffer |
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Calcium reference range |
2.15-2.55mmol/l |
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Calcium distribution in body |
99% of calcium is in bones1% of calcium in Blood & ECF : out of this 1% Find⇒Free calcium is 45% Peace⇒ Protein bound is 40% Always ⇒ Anion bound is 15% |
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Factors involved in control of calcium |
• Parathyroid gland • Vitamin D • Dietary supply of calcium • Normal functioning intestines • Normal functioning kidney |
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Parathyroid hormone(PTH) |
P=16,T=20,H=8(PTH=44)PTH is an 84 (4 x 2; 4) amino aad single chain peptideIts 34N (4-1;4) residue determine its activity |
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PTH and Magnessium |
PTH missed Hypomagnesemia m- mild Hypomagnesemia ; i- increase PTH se- severe Hypomagnesemia; d- decrease PTH
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PTH related proteins |
They are proteins related to PTH in the sense that they have SIMILAR amino acid sequence as PTH at its biologically active end and therefore perform the fame function as PTH. They are usually released by cancer cells (tumours) and they cause humoral HYPERCALCEMIA of malignancy. Their actions are not subject to control because they are from tumour cells |
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The main circulatory form of vit D3 (cholecalciferol ) |
25 OH Calciferol (because it is the initial form before kidney activation in PCT) |
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Vitamin D Causes GIT to absorb |
CALCIUM & PHOSPHATE (hence low levelof any of them stimulate Vit D production & activation) |
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Hypercalcaemia effect on ECG |
It causes shortening of the QT segment (because contraction is faster due to abundant calcium )It also causes widening of the T wave (due to refractory effect of calcium, therefore it takes longer time to repolarize because of numerous amount of calcium) |
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Thiazide diuretics and looped diuretics |
Thiazide diuretics and looped diuretics both cause hyponatremia and hypokalemia, both Thiazide diuretics causes HYPERCALCEMIA while Looped diuretics causes HYPOCALCAEMIA (it is looped diuretics that causes loss of all the electrolytes) |
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Drugs that cause hypercalcemia |
•Thiazide diuretics •Lithium •Vitamin A Mnemonic :LTV drugs cause hypercalcemia |
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Phosphate |
Divalent anion. 80% is found in bones ;20% is found in soft tissue and muscle.90% of phosphate is excreted via the kidneys. Like potassium, during acidosis it shifts from ICF to ECF |
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2 electrolytes move from ICF to ECF with acidosis |
a) Potassium (exchange with H+) b) Phosphate They also move the same way with Alkalosis |
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High Cellular pH(cell alkalosis) triggers what metabolic activity |
Glycolysis |
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The most abundant intracellular cation after potassium is |
Magnessium (majority of it is found intracellularly) |
