Cca Hs Psychology Chapter 1

Front 1

Wundt & Titchener.

Early school of thought: used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Back 1

Structuralism

Front 2

James (Darwin).

Early school of thought: how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Back 2

Functionalism

Front 3

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Back 3

Behavioralism

Front 4

Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people.

Back 4

Humanistic Psychology

Front 5

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (Including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Back 5

Cognitive Neuroscience

Front 6

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Back 6

Psychology

Front 7

Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience me to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.

Back 7

Nature-Nurture Issue

Front 8

Principle that traits that contribute to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

Back 8

Natural Selection

Front 9

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Back 9

Levels of Analysis

Front 10

An integrated approach that incorporated biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Back 10

Biopsychosocial Approach

Front 11

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Back 11

Basic Research

Front 12

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Back 12

Applied Research

Front 13

Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

Back 13

Counseling Psychology

Front 14

Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Back 14

Clinical Psychology

Front 15

Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy.

Back 15

Psychiatry

Front 16

Scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

Back 16

Positive Psychology

Front 17

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Back 17

Hindsight Bias

Front 18

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Back 18

Critical Thinking

Front 19

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

Back 19

Theory

Front 20

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Back 20

Hypothesis

Front 21

A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

Back 21

Operational Definition

Front 22

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Back 22

Replication

Front 23

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Back 23

Case Study

Front 24

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situations.

Back 24

Naturalistic Observation

Front 25

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

Back 25

Survey

Front 26

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

Back 26

Population

Front 27

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Back 27

Random Sample

Front 28

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Back 28

Correlation

Front 29

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).

Back 29

Correlation Coefficient

Front 30

A research method in which an investigator manipulated one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable).

Back 30

Experiment

Front 31

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Back 31

Experimental Group

Front 32

In an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; provides contrast to the experimental group.

Back 32

Control Group

Front 33

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.

Back 33

Random Assignment

Front 34

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are "blind" about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

Back 34

Double-Blind Procedure

Front 35

Experimental results caused by expectations alone.

Back 35

Placebo Effect

Front 36

The experimental factor that is manipulated. The variable whose effect is being studied.

Back 36

Independent Variable

Front 37

The outcome factor. Changes in response to the independent variable.

Back 37

Dependent Variable

Front 38

The enduring behaviors, idea, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to another.

Back 38

Culture

Front 39

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate.

Back 39

Informed Consent

Front 40

The post-experimental explanation of a study. Included purpose and any deceptions to its participants.

Back 40

Debriefing

Front 41

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

(AKA retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning)

Back 41

Testing Effect

Front 42

A study method incorporating 5 steps:

Survey

Question

Read

Retrieve

Review

Back 42

SQ3R

Front 43

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Back 43

Neuroscience

Front 44

How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.

Back 44

Evolutionary

Front 45

How our genes and environment influence our individual differences

Back 45

Behavioral Genetics

Front 46

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

Back 46

Psychodynamic

Front 47

Nature vs Nurture debate

Back 47

Psychology's "big historical issue"

Front 48

Basic and Applied Research

Counseling

Clinical Psychologist

Psychiatrists

Positive Psychology

Back 48

Subfields of Psychology

Front 49

Tendency to think we know more than we do.

Back 49

Overconfidence

Front 50

We naturally desire to find order in the random. Finding patterns in actual random sequences. Hindsight bias, overconfidence, and perceiving order lead people to overestimate our intuition

Back 50

Perceiving Order in Random Events

Front 51

Scientific Method (Theory, Hypothesis, Testing, Observations).

Case Studies

Naturalistic Observations

Surveys

Random Sampling

Back 51

Scientific Inquiry

Front 52

How we learn observable responses

Back 52

Behavioral

Front 53

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Back 53

Cognative

Front 54

How behavior and thinking vary across situation and culture

Back 54

Social-cultural