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128 Cards in this Set
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Anti social |
Difficulty to feel empathy fir strangers, underlying pathology of most serial killers |
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Broken bond theory |
Socialization into convention occurs from an early age but something breaks or weakens the bonds to convention, freeing a person to deviate. (Neutralization) |
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Failure to bond theory |
Difficult to persuade human to conform to socially approved norms and values, much time and effort. (Attachment theory, child abuse and deprivation results in affection less characters) |
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Control theory |
Behavior is governed by its consequences, everyone is a potential offender. Socialization ties us to conventional society. (Attachment, committment). Universal motivation of crime |
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Ivan nye controls (failure to bond) |
Direct control from the threat of punishment, indirect control which protects youths from delinquency through their wish to avoid hurting parents, internal control that relies on an internalized sense of guilt |
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Reckless containment theory |
Adolescent youths are motivated toward delinquency by pushes from pressures and strains of environment and pulls from peers. Outer containment (parents), inner containment (guilt) |
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Hirschi & gottfredson social control |
People aren't socialized adequately to begin with, everyone would break law if they didn't fear the consequences of getting caught. (Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief) |
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Self control theory |
Hirsch and gottfredson, everyone is capable of crime but some are more likely to commit them. Self control prevents people from doing some crimes because people think of the consequences |
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Grasmicks characteristics of low-self control |
Impulsive, seeks gratification, self-centered, insensitive to others, frustrated, confrontation, sensation and excitement |
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Parental socialization components |
Monitor behavior, recognize deviant behavior when it occurs, correct or punish it |
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Control theory policy implications |
Control should be responsibility of parents, CJ system is last resort, crime prevention programs, how to understand not fixing the problem |
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Evaluation of control theory |
Social bond- well developed, fails to distinguish between different elements of bond, casual direction of bond is unclear, doesn't explain gender, white collar differences |
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Minor rule-breaking behavior |
Can produce a stigma that amplifies the original deviance to have life-changing effects, these effects can be full-blown criminal careers |
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Crime prevention programs |
Child care professionals into homes of children, monitor their behavior, parent training & therapy, cash incentives for hs graduation students, special counseling & supervision programs |
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Labeling theories |
Concerned with failure of socialization however, examine the social reaction component of interaction with society's control agents. Society creates deviance by overreacting to minor rule behavior, restorative justice |
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Control v labeling |
Difference is role of clear recognition of deviant behavior, control prevents deviance, labeling creates future problems |
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Lemert & Becker (labeling theory) |
Social interact with others is important in shaping whether people become offenders, the people hurt the persons identity |
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Cooley's looking glass self |
Symbolic interactionism, for definition of self based on how others react or treat us, determines how people interpret the social world. Communicate though use of symbols (language and speech). |
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Herbert blumer (meads student) |
Humans are actively engaged with others in the construction of their own social identities, not fixed but continually reform |
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Lemerts primary and secondary |
Crime begins with the social audience that passes laws banning certain behavior as criminal, social control leads to deviance |
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Primary deviance (lemert) |
Minor rule breaking that everyone engages in |
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Secondary deviance (lemert) |
Behavior that results after a person's primary deviance is reacted by authorities. Emerges from social identity |
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Becker interactionist theory |
Rule breaking is outcome of making, applying and labeling. Moral entrepreneurs are people with more power and shape the law. Master status is being caught and publicly labeled as deviant |
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Goffman's stigma and total institutions |
Difference that are negatively evaluated by others and used to spoil identities (moral, physical and racial stigma), the institution is a place where similarily classified people are forced to live and perform duties (prisons, mental wards) |
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Braithwaite reintegrative shaming |
Negative sigmatization=disintegrative shaming. Reintegrative shaming is constructive and reduces/prevents crime, people have public exposure to harmful behavior (jntegrated, bridge between other theories) |
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Matsueda's differential social control |
Conventional direction or criminal direction. Self is a reflection of appraisals made by significant others, negative labeling would influence future delinquency through role-taking processes |
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Matsueda's informal negative labeling |
Informal labeling begins much earlier than formal |
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Radical nonintervention (Edwin shur &labeling theory) |
Reducing the social reaction to deviant behavior, especially minor rule breaking |
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Decriminalization (Edwin shur &labeling theory) |
Legalizing crimes that involve consent (victimless crimes) |
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Evaluation of labeling theory |
Doesn't explain why people engage in primary deviance and why some engage in more of it than ithers. Produces negative self-image. |
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Gun carry and wisconsin |
Last state to make it legal to carry a gun on public campus, only 9 states allow so far. Very conservative view to lessen gun laws |
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Adams and rojas |
Attacked when went out on an ambulance call by a man with a sharp object. Critical condition but likely to recover. Never protected |
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Anomic (latin) |
Related to anomie (social norms), anomic is the actual process society provides little moral guidance to the people |
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Habilitate |
Cannot rehabilitate if not habilitate. Never taught right from wrong and unable to fit into society. |
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Amoral |
Lack of morals, do not have any |
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Domestic violence |
Not only affects the victim but all the children and bystanders |
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Immoral |
Not following the morals or conforming them, ignoring them. Know that you are being immoral |
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Biggest problem |
Education and mental health! |
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FDR'S land grant institution |
Means that everyone has an opportunity for education, helped farmers and G.I.'s |
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Vacatur law |
Convincing a judge/jury to wipe away the condition on prostitution charges because it was considered human trafficking (forced to do it) |
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Male sexually exploited children |
About 50 percent are boys, 70 percent experience sexually abuse as children, only 4 houses out of 25 for boys who are sexually exploited |
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Social ecology |
The study of movements of people and their concentration in certain areas, study of criminal places, mixed neighborhoods are industrial, commercial |
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Quetlet &guerry (history and roots) |
First to collect quantitative data on locations of delinquents and show the association with locality |
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Crime social product of urbanism (history and roots) |
Meaning that more people came to U.S meant that more crime occurring because of a shift in jobs and isolation |
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Social pathology (history and roots) |
The social, cultural and stuctural forces accompanying the massive social changes taking place, replaced focus on individual pathology |
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Rodney stark's dense neighborhoods |
Crowded homes and land which makes people move towards hanging on the street and in public places. More opportunity for crime, lowers child supervision and education |
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Lower Allston (boston) |
Mixed neighborhood and transient population. Very community involved, lots of activities and fencing with good windows on buildings. Very open block set up |
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3 modern dimensions of social ecology |
Political-economic forces that cause population to increase, dynamics of those forces within a neighborhood, how these forces impact the systematic relationships among networks and social control (interdependence) |
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Conflict and consensus |
People on the community compete for scarce resources (conflict), symbiotic balance between all people and society |
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Robert park and Chicago school |
Individual to society, crime and deviance us normal reaction of normal people to abnormal neighborhood networks. Pressure of city to expand ourward. 1. Invasion 2. Accommodation 3. Dominance |
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Concentric zone theory |
Zone 1 was the center city, very busy and populated, zone 2 was crowded but not as much, zone 3 are working men's homes, zone 4 is the residential zone, zone 5 is the commuters zone (rich) |
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Social disorganization |
Decrease of the influence of existing social rules of behavior on individual members of the group, little or no community feeling (conflict between groups & lack of social control) |
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Thrasher & gangs |
Provide substitute to disorganization, own values and provide protection for each other |
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Sutherland & gangs |
Criminal behavior patterns (DAT), environment is conductive to transmission of criminal culture but not for socialization needed for conventional behavior |
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Shaw and mckay (concentric zone) |
Spot maps of residences juveniles who were involved in crimes and community factors like diseases and poor homes. Create rates and make zones that are 2 miles wide. Zone 2 is the worst |
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Chicago school policy implication |
Increase the sense of community integration and social organization in disorganized neighborhoods |
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Chicago school evaluation |
Lack of consideration or economic and political realties of inner cities, tautological, no self report data, only records, no consideration of white collar crimes in further zones |
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Ecological fallacy (Chicago school implication) |
Use of ecology was based on series if false analogies, theory made assumptions about individuals using group characteristics |
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Developments of social ecology |
Issues if space, land use and physical design affect crime. Critical ecology, urban design and environmental planning & integrated/systemic ecology |
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Elizabeth woods & Jacobs (urban design) |
Residential streets needed to promote multiple uses to encourage natural, informal surveillance. Diversity of street use, contact sidewalk use and clear demarcation between public/private spaces |
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Oscar newman (urban design) |
Crime prevention should be a part of the architects responsibility through urban design, height, size, material and finish can rude the stigma of a neighborhood. CPTED and defensible space (ownership of space to people, private land) |
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4 urban designs to reduce crime |
Housing design or block layout, land use and circulation patterns, residential-generated territorial features, physical deterioration |
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Critical ecology |
Local government planning decisions (poor and rich housing), local institutions (good schools and programs for youth), public policing, society needs to come together |
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Integrated ecology |
Attempt to integrate ecological, biological, social learninf, routine activities, rational choice, cultural theory and adaption to environment and cultural traits based on socially learned information and behavior (guided) |
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Systemic ecology |
Suggests that what is required is a systemic model that focuses in the regulatory capacities of relational networks that exist within and between neighborhoods |
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Bursick and grasmick (integrated/systemic) |
Areas with high social capital (regular and great networking) will be areas with low crime rates |
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Collective efficacy |
Measure of social cohesion among residents and their willingness to act to control unacceptable behavior (trust, social action) |
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Policy of integrated/systemic |
Effective crime-prevention networks, solicitation of other resources, public works and residential improvement, not policy but relational networks that are important |
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Social organization |
Regulatory capacity of a neighborhood that is imbedded in the structure of that community's affiliation, interactional and communication ties among the residents |
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Systemic ecology policy |
Good services, financial support, trash pickup, repairs, trust between police and communith, strengthen culture, programs for the youth (PACT) |
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Mainstream culture |
May criminalize minority norms, causing the minority culture to become criminals simply by living in own culture |
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Sellin's culture conflict theory |
Legal definitions are relatice, changing over time as a result of changes in conduct norms. Conduct norms are different in every culture and identify specific behaviors as appropriate or not |
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Primary culture conflict (sellin) |
Cases where the norms of the subordinate culture are considered criminal in the new dominant culture |
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Secondary culture conflict (sellin) |
Instances where segments within the same culture differ as to the acceptability of conduct norms (conflict within same culture) |
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Gangs today |
Organizations of the social excluded, generational, in ghettos and prisons, protection, solidarity, alternative family, drugs and weapons, hope to mature out. |
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Detroit crime |
Reduced by 60%, businesses are thriving, third-city nations means adaption, habilitation, survival, the govt., public education and employment disconnected. 2 million to 1 million people |
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Detroit urban farming |
Building gardens and planting trees to help Green Detroit, deters away from street crime because the youth is focused on helping and working to make money and food |
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CPTED |
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, good (front windows, elevation of houses, obstacles, maintenence, managers up front) Bad, (too bright of lights, objects blocking view, dirtiness, easy targeting, listing of cameras) |
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Early intervention (control theory policy) |
Development of parent training and functional family therapy programs |
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Agents of social control |
Social workers, police, teachers |
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Social identity |
Can alter it, not fixed |
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Responsibility if sex trade problem |
Poorer nations |
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Human trafficking |
Underground state, invisible in the U.S. |
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High level of self control (Hirschi & gottfredson) |
Consider broader and longer-term consequences |
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DWB |
Driving while black |
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Hirschi rejection about socialization and criminal behavior |
Everyone is socialized to conformity before later life events lead to deviance, criminal behavior must be learned just like every behavior |
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Myopic ethnocentric perspective (social ecology) |
A short-sighted or narrow-minded perspective, highly influenced by ones own experiences. |
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Neighbors building brightmore |
One if the urban farming initiatives in Detroit |
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Attenuated culture |
Weakened |
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General motors |
Involvement in Detroit urban farming movement, responsible for reprising shipping crates into raised-bed planters |
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Hantz farms |
Largest urban farm in detroit |
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Anomie theory |
Deviant behavior is a normal response to abnormal conditions, humans are socialized to behave in certain ways |
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Strain theory |
Agree that seeking to chive goals is a normal human trait and that society's structures and culture cause strain by their form of organization, goals they prescribe, allocation of resources. Happens more with power than poverty |
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Mertonian theory |
Humans act rational and have self-serving motivations for their behavior but not having free will. Behavior is influenced by social structures, cultural definitions and interactive processes |
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Society suffering strain |
Dysfunctional mismatch between goals it sets for members and opportunities it provides for them, unleashing of goals without moral guidelines to moderate levels of met goals, failure to match people's skills to available position (division of labor) |
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Criminal behavior response |
One way of responding to structural strain and achieving goals like steaking, dealing drugs for money |
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Meso level |
Middle, explanatory framework. Macro level linked to micro level |
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Durkheims anomie |
A well ordered society has a cohesive set of values and norms that regulate levels of aspiration and keep crime rates low. High division of labor and diverse beliefs are responsible for high crime levels. Lots of competition |
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Durkheim belief (father of sociology) |
Crime is any action that offends society, crime is necessary, serves a sense of solidarity, brings people together, makes moral messages to the people, making punishments, warns society that something is wrong |
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Merton instrumental anomie |
Based on supposed equality among people, crime occurs when system if cultural values highlight importance if a goal but population restricts access to approved modes of reaching the goal |
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Merton's differential opportunity structure |
Cause of strain rather than social goals, people don't get certain opportunities that others get, creates relative deprivation |
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Relative deprivation (merton) |
People in 1 group compare themselves to others who are better off. Results in them feeling relatively deprived. No feeling before comparison |
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5 adaptions to blockage of opportunities (merton) |
Conformity (accepts goals and means of aquiring), innovation (accept goals but reject means, cheating), ritualism (reject goals but accept means, bad student), retreatism (reject both goals and means, substance abuse), rebellion (replace rejected goals and means, gangs) |
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Critique of Mertons theory |
Ignores violent, passionate crime, can't explain higher up ses crjme, falsely assumes universal commitment to materialistic goals. |
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Cohen's delinquent subculture (Mertons student) |
Delinquent behavior occurs in interactive groups/gangs rather than aline and it originates there. Reaction formation (corner/college boys) |
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Reaction formation (cohen) |
Redefine values among peers, dismissing school knowledge, ridiculing those with knowledge |
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Cloward and ohlin |
Differential access to success goals by illegitimate means, opportunity structure. Different neighborhoods have different resources. Inability to access resources blamed on system, frustration depends on alienation |
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4 conditions of delinquent subculture |
Must be met, freed from committment, join with others in seeking solution to problems, must face no obstacles, provided with means for handling problems of guilt/fear |
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3 types of deviant subcultures |
Criminal, conflict, retreatism |
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Traditional strain theory implication |
Confusion over definition of goals and means, simplication of gang formation, omission of large groups like women and minorites |
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Traditional strain theory policy |
Increase access to legitimate opportunities and provide resources and mobilize disorganized communities |
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Agnew's general strain (revised) |
Microlevel stress from peer group, family. Sources are, failure to get into college, kicked off a team, domestic violence/bullying, not getting into best college. Results in negative emotions (vicarious, anticipated strain) |
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General strain theory implication |
Meant to compliment traditional theory, not replace |
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General strain policy |
Peosocial skills training through family and school, coping skills training and social support |
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Agnews environmental adversity |
Parents behavior like hitting and yelling, teachers lose tempers, students find school boring |
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Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie |
American obsession with crime, culture of consumption, countries with greater welfare system have less crime. Insistutions offer no alternative means of self worth |
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Institutional anomie policy |
Fundamental transformation is needed, paid family leave, prisoner reentry program, cooperative activity |
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Institutional anomie implication |
Economic structuralist perspective |
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Global strain theory and crime |
Argues that the only realistic policy to reverse the global anomic economic trend involves the recognition of the value of global collective social interests |
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Merton and ethnography |
Study if people and their culture. Connected to durkheims theory of anomie (social breakdown). America is a polis |
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Young boys Inc and chamber brothers |
Sold Crack in Detroit for profit, used children to sell because hard to convict them, used secret codes when police came (rapping), 300 people and sold $700,000 of heroin, crack. Wonderful Wayne killed by gang |
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Merton and American dream |
Not obtainable by everyone but people believe that it us. Lots of capitalism, hard work does not pay off, people take shortcuts |
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Family |
Most important institution in our society |
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Corrections |
Costs more to keep someone incarcerated than for us to go to college |
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Officer v student |
Pulled out of desk, ignored authority, wrong. Had a bad history. |
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Amish culture and Merton's theory |
.1 percent living in America, rebellious but respectful group. Aren't involved with govt. programs but do pay taxes. Oldest group in Lancaster Pennsylvania (187 churches). New technology thinkers |
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Mike brodie train hopper |
Different culture, new opportunity for traveling for free. Escaping the American Society because they disagree with it. Rebellion or innovation in the Merton theory |
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Marie Cawley and polygamy |
Religious and let's god choose the husband whether no wives or 10. Polygamy is illegal in all states so they are committing a crime. Very rebellious, and also maybe innovation. Commit crime to achieve certain things but also reject goals of america |
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