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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is reintegration?
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Preparing incarcerated offenders to return to the community
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What is diversion?
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Diverting those who qualify away from prison and jails to alleviate the overpopulation of jails
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Which is cheaper: Incarceration or Community Corrections?
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Community Corrections, Incarceration costs $20,000+ while CC is much, much cheaper
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What is the most common form of punishment in the US for crimes?
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Probation
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What is shock incarceration?
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Splitting a sentence, having both probation and time in jail / prison, this is essentially a scare tactic
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What is intermittent incarceration?
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Someone who is on probation all the time, but is intermittently incarcerated, for example, showing up on Tuesdays and Thursdays to stay the night in jail
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What makes an offender be denied probation?
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If they are convicted on multiple charges, if they were on probation or parole at the time of arrest, if they have two or more prior convictions, if they are addicted to narcotics, or if they seriously injured the victim of their crime.
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What are the principles of probation?
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Rehabilitation of the offender and providing protection to the community
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What are the standard conditions of probation?
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They are standards imposed on all probationers. Getting a job or keeping a job, staying in the area (county/state), reporting to probation officer on a regular basis
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What are the punitive conditions of probation?
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They are conditions designed to reflect the seriousness of the offense and increase punishment. Fines, drug testing, and home confinement are all examples of punitive conditions of probation.
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What are the treatment conditions of probation?
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Conditions designed to help the offender with issues that may contribute to criminal activity
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What are some challenges to probation?
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The Caseload Dilemma, sparse resources,
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What was Langan and Cunnif (1992)?
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An analysis of 80,000 probationers, 61% were unsuccessful complying with release conditions such as drug testing, appointments, and remaining crime free. Probation and parole violators continue to contribute anywhere from 30% to 80% of the new intakes into prison in a given year
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What are graduated sanctions?
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Programs intended to address the inherent flaw of offender noncompliance. Structured, incremental responses to noncompliant behavior of probationers while they are under supervision. One or more days in jail, increased drug testing, imposing a curfew.
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What are intermediate sanctions?
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Fines, community service, restitution, forfeiture
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What are Day Reporting Centers?
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Community based corrections center where offenders report daily for purposes of treatment, education, and incapacitation.
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What is intense Probation Supervision?
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A more restrictive alternative to regular probation, usually supervised by a PO with a small course load
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What is shock incarceration?
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Judges sentence an individual to a period of time in an institution, many of which resemble an army boot camp
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What are the levels of home monitoring?
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Curfew, home detention (may leave for specific events), home incarceration (highest level), you may not leave except for major medical emergencies or fire.
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What is net widening?
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As more and more alternatives to incarceration are used, the criminal justice system can expand the number of people that come under its supervision
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What is the paradox with net widening?
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The more effectively offenders are controlled, the more likely they are to be caught violating the terms of their conditional release.
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What was William Penn’s “Great Law”?
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Pennsylvania 1682 This law forbade corporal punishment and envisioned prisons as workhouses
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What was Walnut Street Jail?
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brought about by William Penn’s Great Law, it was in Philadelphia. They believed that silence and labor are keys to rehabilitation. They suffered from overcrowding and excessive costs
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What were the two first prison systems?
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The Pennsylvania System and the New York System
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What was the Pennsylvania System?
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There was silence and in-cell labor, constant solitary confinement aka the Separate System, only human contact was with visiting clergy (priest or reverend), and there was focus on reform.
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What was the New York System?
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They realized that solitary confinement leads to insanity so they allowed inmates to work together while still maintaining silence, there was a focus on obedience
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Which prison system caught on more: New York or Pennsylvania?
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The New York System, over time, this system eventually became what we now call the prison system.
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When and what was the Reform Era?
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1860-1900, a group of people known as the reformers and progressives created a new system called “new penology” the silent treatment was banished. Good behavior was rewarded with early release* Important. The medical model was also introduced.
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When and what was the Prison Labor Era?
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1900-1930, there was an emphasis on the rehabilitative value of work. The “free labor” offset the rising cost of prisons.
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When and what was the Rehabilitation Era?
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1930-1970, there was a belief that prisoners are sick and damaged and they need treatment.
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When and what was the Retributive Era?
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1970-present, there is a “Reassertion of Punishment”, the rehabilitation model was kicked to the side. Book: “What Works”, author was examining the evidence behind whether rehabilitation works; he realized that “nothing works”. Now there are longer sentences, but prisoners are usually let out early.
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How has the prison population changed? What is the consequence?
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Since the mid-1980s, the prison population has almost quintupled, we are putting a lot of resources and money into prisons and they are becoming overcrowded.
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What are some factors in prison growth?
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Enhancement and stricter enforcement of drug laws, increased probability of incarceration, inmates tend to serve more time for each crime, federal prison growth due to gun crime enforcement and immigration enforcement, rising incarceration rates of women
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What are the four types of prisons?
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Minimum security, medium security, maximum security and supermax
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What characterizes a minimum security prison?
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Low risk, non-violent offenders or first time offenders, inmates have much freedom to move about the facility, security is relaxed, there are no armed guards, rehabilitative programming and privileges are available.
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What characterizes a medium security prison?
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They house more moderately dangerous inmates, they have moderately restrictive security, usually fences instead of walls, rehabilitative programming is available
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What characterizes a maximum security prison?
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They are designed and organized to control and discipline dangerous felons. There are fortresses, watchtowers, and armed guards. There are cell blocks and wings, there are standard uniforms and dress codes, inmate’s lives are security-based.
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What characterizes a Supermax prison?
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These prisons are reserved for the “worst of the worst”, it is a very controlled environment, and they operate in a state to perpetual lockdown. For prisoners, 23/24 hours are spent in the cell and aren’t allowed to freely talk to other inmates.
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What are private prisons?
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A private entity owns and operates prisons and the government pays these prisons to house inmates. This avenue is cost efficient; there are lower labor costs because the people working at private prisons are not government employees, so they can hire people cheaply. There is less red tape.
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What percent of prisoners are in a private prison?
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About 8%
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What are the arguments against private prisons?
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There are safety concerns, private prisons have more sexual abuse, lower quality food and medical care, safety standards are lower and there is more drug abuse. There are philosophical concerns, should we allow private organizations control the liberty of people? Is it ethical that someone is making money off sending people to prison?
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What is the future of Privatization in the corrections industry?
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We are already overcrowded in our federal and state prisons; therefore we will see much more private prisons in the future.
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What are the functions of Jails?
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To hold those convicted of misdemeanors, to hold individuals pre-trial, to temporarily hold juveniles awaiting transfer, to hold the mentally ill pending transfer, to detain those who have violated probation of parole, or have “jumped bail”, to house inmates awaiting transfer to prison, to operate community-based corrections such as home confinement and electronic monitoring.
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What are the positive consequences of our High Rates of Incarceration?
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There is a correlation with a drop in the crime rate and high incarceration. This is not necessarily causal.
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What are the negative consequences of our High Rates of Incarceration?
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There are social consequences, families and communities have been torn apart by high incarceration, there is a severe absence of fathers in impoverished communities. The taxpayers are also paying high costs for these prisons.
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Last year, how many inmates were released into society?
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Last year, about 585,000 individuals -nearly 1,600 a day- left state and federal prisons to return home.
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What does the article “Reentry Reconsidered” say are the three things that have had consequences on the reintegration of prisoners?
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Growth in imprisonment rates, fragmentation of sentencing philosophy and the weakening of parole.
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How many people do state prisons hold?
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1.2 million people
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Since 1973, how has the rate of imprisonment changed?
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Today, there are 4x more prisoners
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Since 1980, how has the rate of imprisonment in JAILS changed?
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Today, there are 3x more people in local jails
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From 1980-1999 how has the number of people on probation changed?
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It went from 1.2 million in 1980 to 3.8 million in 1999.
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How has the rate of people being released from prison changed?
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From 154,000 in 1980 to about 585,000 in 2000
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Has the percentage of prisoners that complete their actual sentence increased or decreased over the years?
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Decreased from 70% in 1985 to 44% in 1997
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Has inmate participation in school / vocational opportunities increased or decreased since 1991?
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Decreased
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What is recidivism?
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A tendency to relapse into a previous condition of criminal behavior
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What were the details of William Penn's "Great Law"?
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Pennsylvania 1682, forbade the use of torture and mutilation as forms of punishment. Instead, felons were ordered to pay restitution of property or goods to their victims.
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What was the outcome of the Walnut Street Jail?
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It suffered from overcrowding and excessive costs.
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What was the Walnut Street Jail?
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A Philadelphia Jail opened in 1790. It was characterized by the assumption that silence and labor provided the best hope for rehabilitation. The prisoners were isolated from one another in solitary rooms and kept busy with constant chores.
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What is a Total Institution?
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an institution that provides all of the necessities for existence to those who live within its boundaries
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The number of offenders over the age of 55 has decreased since the mid 1990s, true or false?
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False, the number of offenders over the age of 55 has more than doubled since the mid 1990s
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Due to poor health, the death rate in state prisons has increased by ____ percent?
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82%
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What are the most common forms of illness in prisons?
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Arthritis, Hypertension, Tuberculosis and Asthma.
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What percent of jail inmates suffer from mental illness? What percent of state prisoners suffer from mental illness?
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Jail - 60%
State - 56% |
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What is the socialization process through which a new inmate learns the accepted norms and values of the prison population?
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Prisonization
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What is prisonization?
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Adaptation to the prison culture, understanding of what constitutes acceptable behavior etc.
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Sociologist John Irwin has identified 4 patterns of inmate behavior. What are these patterns?
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1. "Doing Time"
2. "Jailing" 3. "Gleaning" 4. "Disorganized" |
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What did John Irwin mean by "doing time"?
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Professional criminals adapt to prison. They follow the rules and generally do whatever is necessary to speed up release and return to freedom.
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What did John Irwin mean by "Jailing"?
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Those who are more comfortable inside a prison than outside. These inmates serve time by "jailing" or establishing themselves in the power structure of prison culture.
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What did John Irwin mean by "Gleaning"?
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Those inmates who work to improve themselves to prepare for society
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What did John Irwin mean by "Disorganized"?
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Those criminals who exist on the fringes of prison society. They usually have mental impairments and low levels of intelligence. They have a very hard time adapting to prison culture.
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What are Sykes's five pains of imprisonment?
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1. Deprivation of Liberty
2. Deprivation of Goods & Services 3. Deprivation of Relationships 4. Deprivation of Autonomy 5. Deprivation of Security |
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Why does violence exist in prisons?
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It establishes prison hierarchy
It enhances self-image It gives sexual relief It serves as a means of acquiring goods |
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About how many prison murders are there each year?
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85
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Define "relative deprivation"
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The theory that inmate aggression is caused when freedoms and services that the inmate has come to accept as normal are decreased or eliminated
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What is the Deprivation Model?
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A theory that inmate aggression is the result of the frustration of inmates feel at being deprived of freedom, consumer goods, sex, and other staples of life outside of the institution
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What happened with the Attica Prison Riot?
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New York, 1971. Very overcrowded, barely edible food, virtually no medical care, minimal recreation time, degrading environment, Rotating random guard shifts prevented the inmates from getting to know the guards. After initial violence (one officer and four inmates killed), rioters were careful not to hurt hostages. National Guard stormed the prison, killing 29 inmates and 10 hostages in the process
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What percentage of inmates are gang members?
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11% to 16% of inmates are gang members
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What are some characteristics of female prison inmates?
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Mostly racial or ethnic minorities between the ages of 30 and 39, mostly nonviolent drug or property offenses, history of abuse, lots of health problems
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What percentage of female inmates have been abused in their life?
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55%
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What is the "Motherhood" problem?
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An estimated 7 out of 10 female inmates have at least one child and many of these mothers face losing custody of these children.
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How is the violence in women's prisons?
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Compared to men's prisons, women's prisons have extremely low levels of violence. There is however, 4x more sexual victimization for women than men.
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What is the "Pseudo-Family"?
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The experience convicts acts as mother/father for younger more inexperienced "sons" and "daughters". Like normal families, they restrict sexual contact between family members.
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What are the job categories among correctional officers?
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1. Block officers
2. Work detail supervisors 3. Industrial shop & school officers 4. Yard officers 5. Tower Guards 6. Administrative building assignments |
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How are prisoners sanctioned?
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For minor violations, the inmate may be left off easy. More serious infractions result in a ticket or loss of privileges.
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What happened in Whitley v. Albers?
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The supreme court held that the use of force by prison officials violates an inmate's Eighth Amendment protections only if the force amounts to "the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain"
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What happened in Hudson v. McMillan?
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The Supreme Court held that minor injuries suffered by a convict at the hands of a correctional officer following an argument did violate the inmate's rights because there was no security concern at the time of the incident
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What is the "Deliberate Indifference" standard?
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The standard for violation of an inmate's Eighth Amendment rights, requiring that prison officials be aware of harmful conditions of confinement and fail to take steps to remedy those conditions
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What are "Identifiable Human Needs"?
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The basic human necessities that the correctional facilities are required by the constitution to provide to inmates
-Food -Warmth -Exercise |
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What is mandatory release?
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Release from prison that occurs when an offender has served the full length of his or her sentence
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What is a pardon?
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An act of executive clemency that overturns a conviction and erases mention of the crime from the person's criminal record
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What is a furlough?
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Temporary release from a prison for purposes of vocational or educational training to ease the shock of release or for personal reasons.
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What is a discretionary release?
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The release of an inmate into a community supervision program
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What are the goals of "Truth in Sentencing"?
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To make the minimum sentence non-negotiable, to increase the % of the term that is actually served in prison, to better control the use of prison space
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How many people left prison without supervision in 1990? What about 1998?
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1990: 69,000 left prison without supervision
1998: 123,000 left prison without supervision |
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How many registered sex offenders are there?
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Over 700,000
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True or false: 1/3 of registered sex offenders living in Boston are homeless.
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False, 2/3 of registered sex offenders in Boston are homeless
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What is the recidivism rate for sex offenders compared to other offenders?
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Sex offenders - 43%
Others - 68% |
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What is Project HOPE?
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Hawaii's Opportunity Probation with Enforcement, a simple programmed aimed at controlling hard-drug use:
Weekly drug tests Fixed sanctions A set schedule A formal warning |
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What was the outcome of Project HOPE?
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Positive drug tests reduced by 86%
Missed Probation appts reduced by 80% Revocations of Probation reduced by 50% Arrests for new crimes reduced by 50% |
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What was Delaware's "Decide Your Time" project?
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It was an attempted replication of Hawaii's project HOPE. The judges were not on board and overall it did not work
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Define Homeland Security.
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A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur
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Define Terrorism.
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FBI: “The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives”
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What is the problem with the FBI's definition of terrorism?
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It does not capture the wide scope of international terrorism in the 21st century
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Name some terrorism trends that Brian Jenkins has noted
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1. Terrorists have developed more efficient means of managing their finances
2. Terrorists have developed more efficient models of organization. 3. Terrorists have exploited new communication technology |
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What types of strategies do Intelligence Agencies rely on to collect information?
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1. Electronic Surveillance
2. Human-source collection 3. Open-source collection 4. Intelligence sharing 5. Counterintelligence |
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What is the Emergency Preparedness and Response plan?
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An umbrella term for the actions taken by governments to prepare for large-scare catastrophic events such as terrorist attacks or environmental disasters.
1. Securing the scene of the incident by maintaining order 2. Rescuing & treating injured civilians 3. Containing fires or other conditions that are hazardous 4. Retrieving those who have been killed |
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How many foreign visitors does America have each year?
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About 88 million from more than 100 international airports
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What is the AEDPA?
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The Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, legislation giving law enforcement officers the power to arrest and prosecute any individual who provides "material support or resources" to a "foreign terrorist organization".
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What was the result of the OKC bombings in 1995?
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The AEDPA was passed
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What is the PATRIOT act?
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A law signed in 2001 by George Bush. It was designed to "level the playing field". It makes it easier for law enforcement to collect info about suspects. It targets the fundraising of terrorist organizations
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What does PATRIOT stand for?
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Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism
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What are some criticisms of the PATRIOT act?
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The ability to search telephone, email and financial records is unconstitutional, there are searches without notifications, agencies can shop around to find a judge that will agree with them, warrantless access to library records
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What are a few cyber crimes?
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identity theft, phishing, cyberstalking, cyberbullying, counterfeiting
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What are botnets?
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Networks of computers that have been appropriated without the knowledge of their owners and used to spread harmful programs via the Internet, short for Robot Network
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Who enforces cyber crime?
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Police do not have the time or resources to stop cyber crime..
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When was the first recorded case of copyright infringement?
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557
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What year was the first copyright law enacted?
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1476
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What year was the first recorded use of "pirate" to describe unlawful copying?
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1603
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What is the Statute of Anne?
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It was the first copyright law in the Kingdom of Great Britain (thus the United Kingdom), enacted in 1709 and entering into force on 10 April 1710. It is generally considered to be the first fully-fledged copyright law. It is named for Queen Anne, during whose reign it was enacted.
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What year was the first copyright law enacted?
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1709
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What was the Copyright Act of 1790?
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The Copyright Act of 1790 was the first federal copyright act to be instituted in the United States, though most of the states had passed various legislation securing copyrights in the years immediately following the Revolutionary War. The stated object of the act was the "encouragement of learning," and it achieved this by securing authors the "sole right and liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing and vending" the copies of their "maps, charts, and books" for a term of 14 years, with the right to renew for one additional 14 year term should the copyright holder still be alive.
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What year was Napster released?
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1999
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In 2008, how many songs were illegally downloaded?
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20 Billion songs were downloaded in 2008
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According to the Recording Industry Association of America, what were the total losses to music downloads ?
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$12.5 billion and 71,000 fewer jobs and $422 million less tax revenue in the US
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Comparing the year 2000 to 2008, what were the annual albums sales?
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785 million in 2000
428 million in 2008 |
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What were some assumptions made by the RIAA?
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65% of all downloaded CDs would have been otherwise purchased
20% of all unauthorized downloads would have been otherwise purchased |
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s there a negative, causal effect between illegal downloads and purchases?
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Yes, but it is extremely small, less than 1% of total sales.
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How many websites were seized without due process?
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82
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Compared to the max of 28 years in 1790, how long are Copyrights today?
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Individuals: Lifetime + 70 years
Corporations: 95 years |
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When did America's first penitentiary open and where was it located?
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In 1790, the Walnut Street Jail opened in Philadelphia
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What was the congregate / Auburn system?
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This system was based on silence and labor, inmates work and ate together while still remaining silent per prison guard enforcement
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Was the Auburn system part of New York or Pennsylvania's system?
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New York
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When did the reformers / progressives challenge the Auburn system?
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the 1870s
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When was the Reform Era?
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1860 to 1900
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Specialty lager made from malt dried directly over a wood fire
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Rauchbier
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What was the "new penology"?
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Based on Quaker ideals, penal institutions should offer the promise of early release as a prime tool for rehabilitation; good behavior should be rewarded by early release and misbehavior was punished with extended time.
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When was the Prison Labor Era?
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1900 to 1930
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When was the Era of Rehabilitation?
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1930 to 1970
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When was the Retributive Era?
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1970 to present
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When and where was the "new penology" put into practice first?
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1876, Elmira Reformatory in New York
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Who wrote "What Works"? What did it find?
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Robert Martinson, it found that rehabilitation efforts did nothing to lower recidivism rates.
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What are five factors of prison population growth?
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1. Stricter drug laws
2. Increased probability of incarceration 3. Increased sentence length 4. Federal prison growth 5. More women incarcerated |
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True or False: There are more people incarcerated for drug offenses today than there were for all offenses in the early 1970s.
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True, "get tough" ideologies have caused an explosion of drug offenses
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Which has grown more: federal prison population or state prison population?
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Federal prison, due to increased immigration, drug offenses, and gun offenses being federal crimes now
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What are standard conditions of probation?
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Conditions imposed on all probationers including:
-reporting to probation officer -notifying agency of address changes -not leaving jurisdiction -remaining employed |
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What are punitive conditions of probation?
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Conditions which reflect the seriousness of the offense, intended to increase punishment
-fines -community service -restitution -drug testing -home confinement |
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What are treatment conditions of probation?
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Conditions imposed to reverse patterns of self-destructive behavior
-drug or alcohol treatment -anger management |
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What are the five sentencing options for intermediate sanctions?
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1. Community Service
2. Fines 3. Forfeiture 4. Pretrial diversion programs 5. Restitution |
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What are the three levels of restriction of Home Monitoring?
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1. Curfew
2. Home detention 3. Home incarceration |
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What are two examples of intermediate sanctions?
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Day Reporting Centers
Intensive Supervision Probation |
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What is the paradox of community corrections?
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The more effectively offenders are controlled, the more likely they are to be caught violating the terms of their conditional release. Instead of helping offenders leave the corrections system, increased surveillance pulls them more deeply into it.
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How many inmates do private prisons house?
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128,000+, 8% of all prisoners
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True or false: a prisoner in a private prison is twice as likely to be assaulted by another inmate as a prisoner in a public one.
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True
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List and describe the four aspects of "prisonization"
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1. Doing time - follow rules, speed up release
2. Jailing - established, comfortable in jail 3. Gleaning - bettering self, prepare for return to society 4. Disorganized - mentally ill, fringes of prison society, never adapts |
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What are Sykes' five pains of imprisonment?
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Deprivation of:
1. Autonomy 2. Goods and services 3. Liberty 4. Relationships 4. Secuirty |
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What are four reasons why violence exists in prison?
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1. It enhances self-image
2. It gives sexual relief 3. It is a means of acquiring goods 4. It is a deterrent against being victimized |
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List the six job categories among correctional officers.
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1. Administrative Building Assignments
2. Block Officers 3. Industrial shop and school officers 4. Tower Guards 5. Work detail supervisors 6. Yard officers |
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What is "Deliberate and Indifference" standard?
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The standard for violation of an inmate's Eighth Amendment rights, requiring that prison officials be aware of harmful conditions of confinement AND fail to take the steps to remedy those conditions
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What is a furlough?
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When a prisoner is released temporarily for purposes of education or vocational training.
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What are the four basic roles of the parole board?
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1. Deciding who is placed on parole
2. Deciding conditions of parole 3. Discharge offender when conditions are met 4. Determining whether or not parole privileges should be revoked if violated |
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Who is considered a "key player" in parole hearings?
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Judges, attorneys involved with trial, victims, law enforcement officers SOMETIMES the inmate but not always
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