Cj 280 Exam 1

Front 1

Four Ways of Knowing

Back 1

Ideology

Religion

Logic

Science

Front 2

Ideology

Back 2

A set of beliefs about how things should or out to be

Front 3

Religion

Back 3

A set of beliefs that concern the dictates of some supernatural entity.

Front 4

Logic

Back 4

A system of reasoning in which specific rules are applied (closely linked to science).

Front 5

Science

Back 5

A set of operations applied to create or understand what is going on around us.

Front 6

What is x?

Back 6

X is the independent variable.

Front 7

What is y?

Back 7

Y is the dependent variable.

Front 8

What is z?

Back 8

Z variables are outside factors that also affects the y variable. Also known as exogenous or intervening variables.

Front 9

Four Basic Assumptions

Back 9

Science can be value free.

Knowledge can explain the workings of natural, empirical world.

Knowledge based on science can be revised.

Science creates knowledge for its own sake, not for the support of policy or ideology.

Front 10

How does science differ from common sense?

Back 10

Non-scientists use theories rather loosely, while a scientist uses theory very carefully.

Laypersons use little control to test their theories while scientists try to control the intervening variables.

Scientists disregard metaphysical explanations.

Front 11

How does science operate?

Back 11

Science operates in a circular fashion so it is constant, can begin anywhere, and can answer or lead to other questions.

Front 12

What is the definition of theory?

Back 12

A set of two or more, logically interrelated empirically testable propositions for the purpose of explaining or predicting phenomena

Front 13

What are the components of theory?

Back 13

Two or more propositions

Must be related

Must be empirically testable or measurable

Only phenomenon

Front 14

Observation

Back 14

What relationship exists?

Front 15

Hypothesis

Back 15

A tentative proposition about the relationship between two or more variables

Front 16

Generalizations

Back 16

A common pattern

Front 17

What is perspective?

Back 17

A worldview that selects and organizes our sensory experiences. The selection is rooted in both our physiology and our language.

Front 18

What are the errors in personal inquiry?

Back 18

Inaccurate observation

Ecological fallacy (overgeneralization)

Selective observation

Ex post fact hypothesizing

Illogical reasoning

Ego involvement in understanding

Ideology and politics

Premature closure of inquiry

Front 19

What are the general characteristics of perspective?

Back 19

Selectivity - how you view things

Organization - your ideology and personal beliefs will "color" how you view things

Front 20

Principles of scientific perspective

Back 20

Empiricism

Objectivity

Relativism

Skepticism

Ethnical neutrality

Parsimony

Determinism

Control intervening variables

Front 21

Empiricism

Back 21

Scientists seek answers to questions through direct observation of events being studied

Front 22

Objectivity

Back 22

Conclusions are based on careful observation rather than personal prejudices.

Front 23

Skepticism

Back 23

Scientists have to be wiling to question everything, especially common sense and common knowledge.

Front 24

Ethnical neutrality

Back 24

Scientists have to try not to permit their moral or ethical beliefs influence their data gathering and conclusions.

Front 25

Parsimony

Back 25

The numerous alternative explanations of a particular phenomenon should be reduced to the smallest number possible.

Front 26

Determinism

Back 26

Every event is preceded by one or more other events which cause it to occur

Front 27

Two ways scientific process can proceed

Back 27

Deductive

Inductive

Front 28

Deductive

Back 28

Begins with a single theory and then proceeds to empirical testing.

Theory >> Observations

Front 29

Inductive

Back 29

Begins with empirical observations, which are then incorporated into a body of a theory.

Observation >> Theory

Front 30

Causality

Back 30

The relation between two events or states of affairs in which one brings about or produces the other.

Front 31

Steps to establishing causality.

Back 31

Concomitant variation

Temporal sequencing

Elimination of rival factors

Front 32

Concomitant variation

Back 32

Covariance or a relationship must exist

When variable changes, so must the other, no matter the relationship.

Front 33

Positive relationship

Back 33

When one variable goes up, the other goes up as well.

Front 34

Inverse relationship

Back 34

When one variable goes up, the other goes down.

Front 35

Temporal sequencing

Back 35

Cause must precede the effort

Front 36

Elimination of rival factors

Back 36

Rival causal factors must be excluded

Front 37

Four basic models of causality

Back 37

Single sequential linear causation

Multiple causality

Interactive model

Dialectical causality