Cj 201 Norwich Crowson

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White-collar crime

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Illegal activities of people and institutions whose acknowledged purpose is profit through legitimate business transactions. White-collar crimes can involve theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising.

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Cyber crime

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use of computer networks for criminal profits

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Organized crime

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illegal activities of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is profit through illegitimate business enterprise.

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Chiseling

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using illegal means to cheat an organization, its consumers, or both, on a regular basis

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Churning

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repeated, excessive, and unnecessary buying and selling of a client's stock.

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Front running

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placing broker's personal orders ahead of a customer's large order to profit from the market effects of the trade.

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Bucketing

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skimming customer trading profits by falsifying trade information.

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Exploitation

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victims to pay for services to which they have a clear right.

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Influence peddling

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using one's institutional position to grant favors and sell information to which one's co-conspirators are not entitled

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Payola

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the practice of record companies paying radio stations to play songs without making listeners aware of the bribes.

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Pilferage

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systematic theft of company property

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Cyber stalking

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using the Internet, email, or other electronic communications devices to stalk or harass another person

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Mafia

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a group that first originated in Italy and Sicily and now controls racketeering in major U.S. cities

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Date rape

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a rape that involves people who are in some form of courting relationship

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Narcissistic personality disorder

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a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one's self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one's gratification, dominance, and ambition

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Murder

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the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.

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Serial killer

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person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events

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Workplace violence

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violence, such as assault, rape, or murder, committed in the workplace.

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Stalking

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a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated physical or visual proximity, nonconsensual communication, or verbal, written, or implied threats sufficient to cause fear in a reasonable person

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Terrorism

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premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.

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International terrorism

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terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.

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Developmental theory

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the view that criminality is a dynamic process, influenced by social experiences as well as individual characteristics; developmental factors include biological, social, and psychological structures and processes

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Life-course theories

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theoretical views studying changes in criminal offending patterns over a person's entire life; examines conditions or events that occur later in life that influence the way people behave and whether behavior is predetermined by social or personal conditions at birth

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Life-course persister

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one of a small group of offenders whose criminal career continues well into adulthood

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Self-control theory

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the view that the cause of delinquent behavior is an impulsive personality; youth who are impulsive may find that their bond to society is weak

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Structural theory

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a theoretical perspective based on the belief that criminal law and the criminal justice system are means of defending and preserving the capitalist system.

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Social process theory

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the view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.

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Social learning theory

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the view that people learn to be aggressive by observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts.

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Social control theory

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the view that people commit crime when the forces binding them to society are weakened or broken.

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Social reaction (labeling) theory

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the view that people become criminals when labeled as such and when they accept the label as a personal identity.

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Social bonds

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the ties that bind people to society, including relationships with friends, family, neighbors, teachers, and employers; elements of the social bond include commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief.

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Social class

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segment of the population whose members are at a relatively similar economic level and who share attitudes, values, norms, and an identifiable lifestyle

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Culture of poverty

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a separate lower-class culture, characterized by apathy, cynicism, helplessness, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies, and the police that is passed from one generation to the next.

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Social structure theory

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the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime

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Social disorganization theory

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branch of social structure theory that focuses on the breakdown of institutions such as the family, school, and employment in inner-city neighborhoods.

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Strain theory

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of social structure theory that views crime as a function of the conflict between people's goals and the means available to obtain those goals.

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Strain

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the anger, frustration, and resentment experienced by people who believe they cannot achieve their goals through legitimate means.

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Cultural deviance theory

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branch of social structure theory that views strain and social disorganization together, resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms.

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American dream

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the goal of accumulating material goods and wealth through individual competition; the process of being socialized to pursue material success and to believe it is achievable.

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Trait theory

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the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits

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Sociobiology

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the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species.

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Androgens

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male sex hormones.

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Testosterone

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the principle male hormone

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Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

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the idea that several days before and during menstruation, excessive amounts of female sex hormones stimulate antisocial, aggressive behavior.

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, along with impulsivity and hyperactivity.

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Schizophrenia

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a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses.

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Social learning theory

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the view that people learn to be aggressive by observing others acting aggressively to achieve some goal or being rewarded for violent acts.

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Nature theory

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the view that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.

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Nurture theory

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the view that intelligence is not inherited but is largely a product of environment. Low IQ scores do not cause crime but may result from the same environmental factors.

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Rational choice

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a conscientious decision to commit an illegal act after weighing the costs and benefits of doing so

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Choice theory

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the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the probable costs and benefits of an illegal act.

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Classical criminology

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the theoretical perspective suggesting that (1) people have free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviors; (2) people choose to commit crimes for reasons of greed or personal need; and (3) crime can be controlled only by the fear of criminal sanctions.

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Incarceration

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confinement in jail or prison

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Recidivism

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repetition of criminal behavior

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Posttraumatic stress disorder

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psychological reaction to a highly stressful event; symptoms may include depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares.

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Cycle of violence

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the abuse-crime phenomenon. Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crimes themselves.

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Utilitarianism

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the view that people's behavior is motivated by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

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Biosocial theory

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an approach to criminology that focuses on the interaction between biological and social factors as they relate to crime

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Sociological criminology

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an approach to criminology, based on the work of Quetelet and Durkheim, that focuses on the relationship between social factors and crime.

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Anomie

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a lack of norms or clear social standards; because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.

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Chicago School

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group of urban sociologists who studied the relationship between environmental conditions and crime

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Conflict theory

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the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends.

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Rational choice theory

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the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

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Trait theory

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the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.

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Social structure theory

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the view that disadvantaged economic class position is a primary cause of crime

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Social process theory

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the view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society.