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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Numa Pompilius's ethnic origin
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Sabine
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Etruscan influence on early Roman culture
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purple-bordered toga
augury curule chair |
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Pomerium
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the sacred boundary around the city center
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Who was second in command to dictator?
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the magister equitum (master of the cavalry)
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Military Tribunes
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They ruled in groups of 3-4 and later 6
They were magistrates with consular power |
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Why did Tarquin send his sons to consult the Delphic oracle?
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While constructing the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Tarquin received conflicting omens. There was the head of a man which indicated that Rome would be the capital city of the world. However, there was also the ominous sign of the snake. He sent his sons to consult the oracle at Delphi, as it was the most powerful oracle in the world, so he could get a clearer answer.
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The Struggle of the Orders between the patricians and plebeians in the 5th and 4th centuries...
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involved plebeian push-back against the patricians' privileges, including their ability to take on religious and secular offices
included the factor that plebeians outnumbered patricians was an internal conflict in Rome |
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Conscripts
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The original 100 Senators appointed by Romulus were the patres or patricians. The Conscripts were the new senators appointed by Brutus. Some of the Conscripts appointed by Brutus were of the equestrian class
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When did the Romans discover the head of an unidentified man?
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he discovery of this man's head (with features still intact!) was one of the omens concerning the construction of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus by Tarquin the Proud. This was considered a good omen, indicating that Rome would be the capital city of the world
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Tribune of the Plebs
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His body was sacrosanct
He could propose legislation He could block official actions He could convene the Senate |
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freedom of speech without repercussions
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libertas
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In performing a systematic moral analysis, what is the first step in the process?
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the first step in the process is to evaluate an action and decide whether it is ethically questionable. This step is generally referred to as conceptualization
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Why was Servilius unable to support the debtors in the end?
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Although Servilius promises the debtors that they will be forgiven the debts that they accrued while fighting for Rome, he is unable to keep this promise when his co-consul Appius and the other senators force him to back down. In the end, he ends up being hated by both the rest of the governing class, and the debtors whom he initially tried to help
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What happened to the Turnus who tried to stir things up against Tarquin when the latter was late to a meeting?
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Weapons were placed in his quarters to frame him
He was convicted on a trumped up charge He was arrested by Tarquin's men His body was thrown into the river |
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Saguntum
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Hannibal laid siege to the city of Saguntum, causing Rome to declare war on Carthage. The situation was complicated, but the background involves an agreement between Rome and Hamilcar that Carthage could not take over cities north of the Ebro River in Spain. Hannibal took the city of Saguntum, which was south of the Ebro River. Saguntum appealed to Rome for help, and Rome claimed that the city was under their protection. This became an opportune for Rome to halt Hannibal's advancement.
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What is one significance of the Romans' sack of Veii?
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this event not only showed that the Romans were the most powerful city in Latium but also showed that Etruscan dominance in Italy was beginning to weaken (and by the end of the century, would be a thing of the past).
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Licinian Sextian reforms
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The Licinian Sextian reforms (366 BCE) opened up the office of the consul to the plebeians, created the office of praetor, and fixed the office of consul as the highest office on the cursus honorum.
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Battle of Cannae
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One consul was killed
It was a disastrous loss for the Romans It was a result of Rome abandoning Cunctator's strategies The Battle of Cannae was the worst defeat for the Romans at that point in history |
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Zama
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The Battle of Zama ensured Roman victory in the 2nd Punic War. This was how Scipio earned his cognomen, Africanus.
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Why did the Romans get involved in the 1st Samnite War?
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We do not know much about the 1st Samnite War, but do know that Rome became involved when Capua appealed for help. The result of the war was significant Roman power in Campania (where Capua is located).
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Who were the Decemvirs?
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a group of men who produced the first written law code in Rome
The Decemvirs travelled to southern Italy to study the Greek legal system, and returned to Rome to overhaul and publish Roman laws. |
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What was Valerius' nickname?
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Publicola
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Twelve Tables
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The Twelve Tables covered, among other things: marriage and divorce; debt; governance of the household; methods for resolving land disputes; procedural issues. They focused on basic, pragmatic issues that were important to plebeians rather than on larger, theoretical problems of law.
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What was the result of the 3rd Samnite War?
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During the 4th c BCE, Rome's wars led to its expansion further and further outward. In the aftermath of the 3rd Samnite War, Rome had control of most of Italy, except for the north and the south, which were occupied by the Gauls and Greeks, respectively.
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Municipia
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A municipium (plural municipia) was a kind of suburb of Rome, formed after a city came under Roman dominance. Rome extended citizenship to some municipia, but all were required to send men to serve under Rome's military. To facilitate Romanization, they were allowed to keep their local government structure, but those in power were loyal to Rome.
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Which of the following was NOT a cause of plebeian discontent in the fifth century BCE?
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required military service
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Gauls
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It was the Gauls who sacked Rome in 387 BCE. The Romans were rescued by the heroics of the dictator Camillus (and probably also by the fact that the Gauls had no interest in occupying Rome on a long-term basis).
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Which of the following was NOT an ally of the Samnites during the Third Samnite War?
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The Third Samnite War was really the fight for control of Italy. In a last-ditch effort to reassert power, the Umbrians and Etruscans to the north, as well as the Gauls, joined forces with the Samnites to try to defeat the allied forces of Rome and their Campanian allies. It was not to be and, at the end of the war, Rome controlled all of Italy apart from the area just south of the Alps and the Greek territories in the distant south.
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Rome's first provinces overseas as a result of the 1st Punic War were
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At the end of the 1st Punic War, Carthage was forced to hand Sardinia, Sicily, and Corsica over to Rome. These islands were great assets to Rome -- Sicily, in particular, was a source of wealth due to its mines, as well as being a trading outpost. Handing over Sicily was part of Hamilcar's treaty, which was unfavorable to Carthage. Carthage was forced to hand over Sardinia after the revolt of their unpaid mercenary armies. The terms by which Rome ended up with Corsica are unclear.
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Censor
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The censor placed citizens into voting groups by wealth. They also made sure that senators met the wealth qualifications to keep their positions. Censors were elected every 5 years and had a term of about 18 months, though this was not specifically set. They were not on the cursus honorum, but we can consider their position to be somewhere "above" the consuls.
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What was the outcome of the Latin War in the 4th century BCE?
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The Latin War resulted from a revolt of the allies in the Latin League while Rome was fighting the 1st Samnite War. The end result of the Latin War had Rome reasserting its dominance in Latium, as well as extending its rule to Campania, making cities municipia.
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Which two cities were initially fighting over the Straits of Messina when Rome entered the fray?
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Recall from the beginning of the course that control over the Straits of Messina would allow control of the trading routes in the Mediterranean. At this point in time, Carthage and Syracuse were both already powerful cities and Rome was starting to become a rising power.
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With what city (or cities) did the Tarquins form an alliance against the Romans?
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Tarquinii and Veii
This question refers to the Tarquins' planned revolt against Rome after they were exiled by Brutus. |
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Which of the following were terms of Hamilcar's treaty with Rome at the end of the 1st Punic War?
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Carthage paid a large indemnity (fine) to Rome
Carthage handed over control of Sicily to Rome See lecture on Tuesday and Boatwright, p. 61. It's an important topic, so be sure that you know this well and can contrast this treaty with the one made at the end of the 2nd Punic War. |
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Who governed Roman provinces like Sardinia and Sicily?
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Praetor.
As the number of provinces grew, Rome started using the process of prorogation to extend the terms of praetors. So some provinces were governed by praetors and others by propraetors. Later on, we will also see provincial governors in charge. |
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The Roman military was superior to the Carthaginian military in:
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The Romans outstripped the Carthaginians in number of troops as well as their ability to fight on land while the Carthaginians had a vastly superior naval fleet. The Romans were able to overcome this by building a fleet of their own that was modeled on the ship types used by the Carthaginians (triremes, etc.); and by developing tools like the corvus that allowed them to treat a naval battle more like a land battle.
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How did Rome gain control of the island of Sardinia?
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they were able to force Carthage to leave once Carthage's mercenary troops revolted against Carthage
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Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the 1st Punic War?
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Rome established a permanent military presence in Spain
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Lucretia
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Virtus (virtue)
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Brutus
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Libertas
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Regulus
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fides (trustworth, faith)
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Aeneas
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pietas (piety)
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Which of the following occurred when the Romans were fighting in Spain after Cannae in the Second Punic War?
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the elder Scipio was killed
the younger Scipio sacked New Carthage (Carthago Nova) After the elder Scipio died fighting in Spain, the younger Scipio swore hatred against Carthage. He went on to claim a victory at New Carthage, which had been one of the Carthaginian strongholds in Spain. |
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Numidia
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The Romans formed an alliance with the nation that abutted Carthage on the west, Numidia. This will come to be significant, in that squabbles between Carthage and Numidia lead to the 3rd Punic War and will also lead to Rome's eventual campaign against the Numidian Jugurtha at the end of the 2nd century BCE.
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What province was created in the aftermath of the Third Punic War?
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Carthage's former territory was assigned as the new province of Africa
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Hannibal after Second Punic War
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After the Second Punic War, Hannibal had an unsuccessful career as an unpopular statesman back in Carthage. He then fled to Bithynia, where he drank poison to avoid being captured alive by Rome.
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result of the Battle of Cannae
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Cannae was the most devastating loss in Roman history up to this point, with estimates of 80,000 Romans being killed. In the aftermath, Rome's allies in the south defected to Hannibal's side. (Recall also, how the Gauls in the north joined sides with Hannibal as the Carthaginians crossed over the Alps into Italy.) Hannibal did offer a peace treaty to Rome, but they refused it. Back in Rome, the surviving consul issued a "no crying decree" and instead urged the people to recover and rebuild the army.
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Why was Hannibal, when he was confined to southern Italy, unable to get reinforcements from his brother Hasdrubal?
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On the way over to Italy from Spain to supply Hannibal with reinforcements, Hasdrubal was ambushed by Roman forces. He was beheaded, as we saw in the lecture. During this time, Hannibal was cornered in southern Italy.
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How did the monarchy in Macedon end?
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Philip's son Perseus was deposed and the Romans gave control of Macedonia to the Greeks
Be sure to review the slide and my comments about the Macedonian Wars in the Roman Expansionism lecture. See also Boatwright pp. 75-76. |
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What role did the publicani play in Roman administration of the provinces?
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they were private contractors who arranged for supplies and weapons to reach the armies in distant provinces
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What event led to the First Macedonian War?
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After Carthage defeated Rome at Cannae, Philip of Macedon found it an opportune time to ally with Carthage.
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Where did the Romans first defeat the Carthaginians on African soil?
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After his successes in Spain, Scipio turned to Africa. His first victory, prior to Zama, was at the Battle of Great Plains.
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What difficulties did Spain present to Rome after the 2nd Punic War?
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the Romans used Iberians to mine as well as war prisoners from other areas, so had plenty of manpower to mine around the clock; while some senators were not supportive of maintaining a permanent presence in Spain, the majority were. In addition, many powerful Romans had business interests in Spain and so were pushing hard for Rome to keep a military presence in Spain.
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Which cities did Rome sack in 146 BCE?
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146 BCE marks the year in which Carthage and Corinth were sacked by Rome; it also marks the end of a period of rapid expansion in Roman history. Rome would continue to grow, but was also focused on consolidating the holdings in its large empire.
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What event triggered Rome to once more engage in conflict with Carthage, in the 3rd Punic War?
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Remember that part of the terms of the treaty after Zama was that Carthage could not make war without Rome's permission. As well, Numidia had been an ally of Rome. When Carthage finally responded to Numidia's incursions, Rome used this as an excuse to lay siege to Carthage and (so the story goes) completely destroy the city.
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