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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liste of president of the us |
à insérer à faire pdt l'été: apprendre l'emplacement des états aux états-unis |
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The Declaration of Independence (1776) = two majors problems. -> only settle by a bloody Civil War |
1. Slavery 2. Nature of union between states |
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1. The problem of slavery “We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are createdequal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that amongthese are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”. |
"All men created equal" = principle of the Declaration But no mention in the Decl of abolishment of slavery. Following Indep.: - Nothern states = gradual emancipation of their slaves (they freed the children so the rights of property not endangered) - No southern state abolished slavery (-> basis of the economy of the South) |
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2. Nation of union between states "these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and IndependentStates” |
- union that the states were free to join and leave as they pleased? - link binding?? -> two problematic questions not settled by the Constitution (1787) |
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Clauses in the Constitution that upheld the institution of slavery nb. words "slave" or "slavery" never used in the text (aka "other persons) |
1. The three-fifths compromise (1 slave = 3/5 of a person for representation in Congress)
2. Fugitive slave clause (condition of bondage remained the same even if escape to free state) 3. Prohibition to abolish international slave trade in the next 20 years (prohibited as soon as it could be in 1808) |
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Early 1820s-1830s: right to vote |
- last property and religious qualifications removed = most white men could vote -> Democracy = central to the def. of the American national identidy. Only for white men - white women + free blacks = second-class citizens : discrimination in hiring, wages, vote, etc. (some black men could vote in the nothern states) - slaves legally "chattel property' (ie movable property) - Indians = excluded from the Republic as "other nations" |
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States' rights theory |
States' rights theory (by Jefferson and Madison): states had right to cancel any legislation which might conflict with the rights of citizens as the nationalgovernment owed its existence to a compact among the states. |
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"Nullification crises" (early 1830s) (p.9) |
- Early 1830s - Congress raise tax on import to protect young American industry. South Carolina leaders declared them null and void in 1832 (detremental for the agricultural economony of the South). - President Jackson (believed that nullification threated the Uninon) declared nullification illegal + prepared to send troops to execute federal law Illustration of the doctrine of state interposition -> Southerners referred when they took momentous decision of secession in 1860 and 1861 |
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Isolationism + Monroe Doctrine (1823) |
- 1797: Washington warned dangers of alliance with unstable European nation = danger to the young American nations. - 1810s: Spanish empire started to collapse in South America (1810s) -> fear European powers attempt to conquer those former colonies + endanger America - President Monroe: Europeans leave those new nations alone and in exchange no interference in European affairs - Monroe Doctrine (1823) : sometimes called America's diplomatc Declaration of Independence - Isolationist policy: rest of the nineteenth century |
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From here: note bcp plus légère (juste dates et notions de base) p.10 |
À faire pendant l'été ou avant les rattrapages: fiches cours entiers |
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"Manifest Destiny" coined by John L. O'Sullivan |
- Jefferson (President 1801-1809): "We whould hane nothing to do with conquest" = America refuse to be a colonial nation - But they need land to survive Manifest Destiny = America should expand accross North-America + brng their "superior" culture (religious, political and econimic) to less privileged peoples = way to reconcile the reality of conquest with the ideal of freedom and equality |
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Big steps of expansion: Oregan and Texas Texas |
- Annexation of Texas: first reject (avoid war with Mexico) then accepted in 1845. Because: Texas: new slave state // Oregon new free state - War with Mexico: huge territorial gains (West + Southwest) for the winner (#merica) -> Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 |
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Oregon |
- 1846: agreement Britain/United States over Oregon territory (before jointly occupied) - "Oregon fever": struck in early 1840s. - Oregon = farmer's paradise + gov. policy (settle first, buy land later) Massive migration West: "overland trail" - increased after discovery gold in California (1848) - Oregon = family / California = young men called "forty-niners" |
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Idian Resistance + Removal |
Idian Affairs = sole responsibility of the Federal Government - Georgia seized tribal land of the Cherokee (adapted many American custms : written Constitution, written language, slavery, became farmers): the tribe turned to the Supreme Court -> Native American tribes = "domestic dependent nations" and could not be dispoise of their land (still true today) - Despite the ruling, President Jackson forced the tribes to leave (hundreds of miles to the West beyong the Mississppi in present-day Oklahoma promising they would be "beyong the reach of injury") -> Many died along : "Trail of Tears" (one of the most sinister pages of the American history) -> alien environment + forced to share ressources with local tribes. Indians of the South-East: dependent on government payment for survival |
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Second Great Awakening |
- 1790s-1840s - brought religion to unchurched areas -> itinerant preachers - thousand of people, men, women, Blacks and Whites -> salvation promise to those who repented - Charles Finney: important figure in the Second Awakening: use of "any means" to introduce convert - messages call to the heart rather than the head |
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Tempance movement |
- most popular of all reform mocemtents |
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Civil War (1861-1865) -> deadlist war in the American history (April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865) |
Links with England (buy manufactured products + sell cotton) so not affraid to quit the Union South Carolina : First to take the decision to leave the Union in December 1860 Follow by six other states from the Deep South: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas Deep South = stats which had the most to lose because major cotton production areas with the largest numbers of slaves |
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The Confederacy |
- By February 1861: they had formed a new government in Montgomery (Alabama) |
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The Upper South (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas) |
- slavery less prominent + more association with the North - did not join the Confederacy till after fighting started on April 12, 1861 |
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Border states (Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri and Delaware) |
- geographically the northern most states of the slave South - Unionist sentiment strong enough to defeat the secessionist efforts - they were slave states but did not join the Confederacy -> important for the Union |
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Emancipation Proclamation (1863) + motives of the war |
- North: superiority in manpower, inudstrial + financial capacity - South: superioty in defensive war (did not have to conquer territories to win ; were fighting for self-determination- Obj. of the north: the Confederacy not recognized by European Union Success: Lincoln succeeded by transforming the war into a struggle about slavvery with the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) -> abolition of slavery in all states + freedom garanty + if slave escape they were free |
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Vocabulaire: |
Antebellum = before the Civil War |
