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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acts of Union
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1536-1542 : Wales, during Henry VIII
1652 : Scotland, no longer Scottish parliament (Tender of Union) Passed by Cromwell, Repelled after Charles II ascended to the throne 1707 : Unity of Kingdom of Scotland and Kingdom of England (before: separate state but same monarch) => United Kingdom of Great Britain 1800 : Ireland, creation of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
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Irish War of independence
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1919-1921
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Irish Civil War
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1922-1923
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Creation of Irish Free State
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1922
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Republic of Ireland
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1949
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Magna Carta : What, when, by who?
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1215
- Legal document signed by King John (John Lackland) and an alliance of Church, aristocrats and merchants - 25 barons entrusted with the execution of the charter : restricted the monarch's undisputed authority - Defined new rules of government for taxation, justice, freedom of the church and individual liberties |
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Hundred Years' War
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1337-1453
House of Valois/House of Plantagenet (England) Plantagenet claimed to be kings of France after the extinction of the Capetian line (Charles VI le Bel) 1337-1360 : English victories over French fleet. French king Jean le Bon was captured in Poitiers in 1356 1360-1395 French were victorious in the south of England. They also liberated France. Peasants in England revolted against the taxes of the war, but the Duke of Burgundy (John the fearless) failed to win the French crown, so he decided to set up his own empire instead. 1399-1415 Half time break into the war. End of Plantagenet dynasty with King Henry IV of Lancaster. 1415-1429 Henry IV and his son conquered the north and south-west of France. Azincourt in 1415. 1429-1453 French revival inspired by Joan of Arc. She helped Charles VII recapture Bordeaux. It ended with a complete separation of England and France |
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War of the Roses
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1455-1485
House of York (white rose)/House of Lancaster (red rose) over succession Lancaster won with Henry VII, who later strengthened his position by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV Main cause of the war: Internal corruption and cost of the French war Ended with the death of king Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field => accession of Henry VII to the throne |
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Industrial revolution dates
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18th century
1750-1780 Steam engine James Watt 1769 |
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Industrial revolution : what? (3)
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* Farm development as a result of the enclosure movement. Social power in th possession of land. country seats : large house or mansion
* Hundreds of thousands of people moved from rural areas to new towns and cities => urbanization. London developed, population close to a million by the end of 18th * Many technical innovations : in the textile industry (flying shuttle, spinning jenny) |
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Invasion of the British Isles by Julius Caesar
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55BC - 56BC
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Invasion of the British Isles by Claudius
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43AD
40 000 men They left in 410 |
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Hadrian's Wall : when and what?
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circa 120 AD
Protected Britannia from attacks by the Scots and the Picts Divided Britain between North (Gaels in Ireland and Scotland) and South (occupied by Romans) |
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Native Resistance to the Romans : 2 heroes
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Heroic and prolonged resistance
- Caractacus of the Ordovices : betrayed to the Roman by the Queen of the Brigantes (1st British hero) - Queen Boudicca ( Bodicea) of the Iceni : Her people burnt town and destroyed many Roman armies. She was fighting the Roman taxes and the conscription |
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What is left of the Roman invasions?
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Very little
Founded Londinium Roads Chester, Landcaster, Gloucester : castra = military camp |
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Germanic invasions : dates
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The Dark Ages of the British Isles
410-1066 |
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Germanic invasions : what?
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During 5th century, tribes from the North-West of Europe invaded Britain (Jutes, Anglo-Saxons)
In the west, they had to face an army of Celtic Britons The British judicial system was very influenced by the Scandinavians |
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Christianity in the British Isles
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The Anglo-Saxons were pagans
Christianity came from 2 directions : - South: directly from Rome when St Augustine arrived in 597 and established his quarters at Canterbury - North: Ireland had been converted by St Patrick in 432: developed in Scotland and Northern England |
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The Norman Conquest
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1066
2 pretenders after the death of King Edward the Confessor William, Duke of Normandy - Harold, King of England Battle of Hastings : 14 October 1066 William crowned king in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day Was nicknamed the Conqueror after his death |
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Influence of France in the Medieval period
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Nearly all the Kings of England had French wives
All the Kings had French as their first language |
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Tudor dynasty : dates
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1485-1603
Henry VIII : 1491-1509-1547 (Edward VI, Mary I) Elizabeth I : 1533-1558-1603 |
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Henry VIII
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6 successive wives in order to have a son
Wide ranging education (5 languages, music, sportsman) and physique (tall, strong) He defended Catholicism (and was rewarded by the Pope for it) and opposed it (Act of Supremacy in 1534 = Head of Religion is the king) |
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Elizabeth I
Daughter of whom? Called? Reigned? Major accomplishment? Age of what? |
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Called the Virgin Queen. Reigned 45 years. She united England in the Anglican faith and waged war against Spain (1585-1604) Age of intellectual brillance in literature, philosophy (Bacon) and daring sea voyages (Drake's first circumnavigation) |
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Tudor institutions (3)
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- power of feudal barons was reduced
- System of government established with different departments - Parliament divided into the House of Lords and the House of Commons |
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Church of England, 3 dates
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1534 : Henry VIII signed the Act of Supremacy : King of England was supreme head of the Church
1538 : English version of the Bible 1563 : 39 articles give the Anglican church a doctrine based on the Calvinist belief in predestination to salvation or damnation |
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James I
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James VI of Scotland
First Stuart English King reigned 1603-1625 |
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Civil War under the First Stuarts
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1642-1651
Stuarts raised money without the consent of the House of Commons : Civil War ensued Opposed the Cavaliers (royalist, aristocratic, fun-loving) and the Roundheads (over-serious, puritans, parliamentarian) It established the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy Charles I was executed |
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Charles I
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reigned from 1625 to 1649
First monarch in Europe to be executed after a trial |
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Cromwell and the Republic
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1649-1660
Oliver Cromwell : military leader, head of the Roundheads Lord Protector after the king's death. Republic of whole British Isles, crushed resistance in Ireland, United Parliaments of Scotland and England System of government based on military power and puritan ethics; ended soon after his death from malaria (1658) |
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The Glorious Revolution (1688) and before
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In 1660, monarchy is restored (Charles II) + anglican religion
King James II tried to give full rights to Catholics and to promote them in the government, was then overthrown Landing with 40'000 men in England in 1688, Prince William of Orange and his Stuart wife Mary became King and Queen, accepting Parliament's invitation [ there was no war] => William III |
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Bill of Rights
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1689
It fixed the limitations on William III and Mary's powers, fixed the line of succession |
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Queen Anne
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reigned 1702-1714
Last Stuart Queen Signed the Act of Union between England and Scotland in 1707 Pregnant 17 times |
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Hanoverian dynasty
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George I, George II, George III
Until Victoria |
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George I
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reigned 1714-1727
could not speak English Faced 2 Jacobite rebellions : 1715 and 1719 |
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Jacobite rebellion
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Jacobite, Jacobitism : the political movement dedicated to the return of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England and Scotland
"The Fifteen" "The Forty-Five" : 1715 and 1745 1707: Act of Union united Scotland and England (both Parliament became joined) 1746: Jacobites were defeated at the battle of Culloden by Cumberland (nicknamed Butcher Cumberland) |
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George II
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reigned 1727-1760
became part of the War of the Austrian Succession The "Forty-Five" almost dethroned him In 1752, Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar |
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George III
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Losses in North America
He unified the UK with Ireland. Mad from 1788 onwards |
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18th century : a new system of government (4)
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- an annual budget was drawn by the Treasury Officers
- a Prime Minister was appointed by the Monarch - the Parliament records were published from 1771 - beginning of the party system with the Whigs and the Tories |
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The American crisis
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1756-1763 : Seven Years' War
Britain and Prussia win over France. British Empire considerably enlarged (Treaty of Paris, 1763) The British started to tax the colonies more and more (Stamp Act 1765) No taxation without representation : revolution 4th July 1776 : American Declaration of Independence signed 1783 : Britain recognized the loss and the independence of the American colonies |
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Cultural changes during the Enlightenment
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Science: Isaac Newton (theory of gravitation)
Religion: John Wesley (Methodism) Philosophy: John Locke (modern democracy) David Hume (doubt essential) Painting: William Hogarth (comic strip, satirical) Literature: Swift |
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French revolution from British point of view
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Britain was afraid of the French Revolution.
Disapproved of the revolt against traditions |
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Napoleonic Wars
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Between 1793 and 1815, Britain formed 7 successive alliances with European partners to fight against France
Britain most famous victories were Trafalgar in 1805 and Waterloo in 1815 Trafalgar opposed Great Britain versus France&Spain Admiral Nelson |
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Act of Union of 1800
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From the end of the 18th century, the Catholics of Ireland had very little political power
From 1791 to 1795, Wolfe Tone and the United Irishmen asked for Parliamentary reform and equal religious rights The Union was that of the Parliament of England and Ireland, suppressed Irish Parliament end ended Ireland's independence |
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The Regency
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1811 - 1837
King George III was mad, had to be replaced by his son (future George IV) George is remembered as an extravagant prince and monarch. Patron of the arts. Artistic trends developed in architecture (Regent Street), dance and literature (Jane Austen) |
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Victorian Era
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1837-1901
She was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India (1877) Husband Prince Albert since 1840, died in 1861. Widow during 40 years. 1837: Oliver Twist 1851: Great Exhibition 1863: Underground opens in London 1884: Representation of the People Act (electoral reform) |
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The Great Exhibition of London
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1851
It was conceived to symbolize the industrial, military and economic superiority of Great Britain. Enormously influential on the development of many aspects of society (art, design, international trade, tourist industry) |
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British Empire
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Some parts of Africa ; India ; Canada ; Australia ; New Zealand
Biggest empire the world had ever seen. Made Britain the world's greatest power of the 19th century. Several conflicts had to be fought to try and preserve the empire : The Opium Wars (1840) The Crimean Wars (1854-1856) The Indian Uprising (1857) The Boers Wars (1881, 1899-1902) |
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The Great War
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1914-1918
*The Western front : fighting in France and Belgium -End of 1914: 270 000 British troops in France and 100 000 casualties (injured or dead) -1916: Battle of the Somme: 420 000 men were lost (the French lost 200 000) -1917: Entry of the US into the War helped Allied Victory *The War at Sea The German submarines caused great damages in British merchant ships, liners (Lusitania) and cruisers But after the battle of Jutland (1916), they abandoned their attempt to invade Britain |
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1919-1939
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Economic crisis in the 1920s
Rise in unemployment => soldiers decline in international trade Huge strikes; rise of the labour party 1921-1922 : Creation of Northern Ireland and Irish Free State 1929 : Wall Street crash, depression 1933-1939: Economic recovery in Britain. Rise of Nationalism in Germany and Italy |
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The People's War
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1939-1945
Involved the citizens / RAF The Battle of Britain : On September 15 1940, RAF fighter pilots inflicted a resounding defeat on Hitler's Luftwaffe. In Coventry, in 24h, 4330 houses were destroyed, plus 75% of the factories and the major public buildings The UK resisted to the German bombings of the whole kingdom Britain was a useful ally to the resistance in France and to the victory (D-Day landings of May 1944) |
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Winston Churchill
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One of the most important leaders in British and world history
A soldier, a journalist, an author and a politician Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for "History of the English People" Soldier in WWI, during which he held various political responsibilities. Became Prime Minister in May 1940 (Most famous speech) He was Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955, when he retired. |
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1945-1979
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*At home : Establishing the welfare state => unemployment reduced, creation of the National Health Service in 1946
Nationalisations: British Coal, British Gas, British Rail... Influence of communism. *Abroad: Decolonisation process : India, Kenya, Malaysia Entry into Europe in 1973. After 2 French vetoes in 1962 and 1967, because of the UK's "special relationship" with the USA. |
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Margaret Thatcher
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1979-1990
The Iron Lady Her policies became known as Thatcherism - monetarism (reduction of inflation by reduction of money supply) - privatisations - union reform (= reform of trade unions: reduce their liberties) The end of Thatcherism was accelerated by the poll tax crisis (1990) It explained the success of the New Labour Party since the end of the 20th century |
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1997: A turning year?
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1997 : Landslide victory of the New Labour Party in the general election: Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister
As promised in the Labour programme, referendums were held in Scotland and Wales about devolution (decentralisation) With ups and downs, the New Labour Party won their 2nd and 3rd general election in 2001 and 2005 |
