Civics Semester 1 Exam Review

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Natural Rights

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These are rights that you are born with and nobody can take away from you

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Social Contract

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An agreement between people and their government

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John Locke

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Enlightenment thinker that introduced the concepts of natural rights and social contract

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Quartering Act

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British policy to quarter troops in the personal homes of colonists

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Stamp Act

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an act of the British Parliament for raising revenue in the American Colonies by requiring the use of stamps and stamped paper for official documents, commercial writings, and various articles

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Intolerable Acts

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a series of laws passed by the British in 1774 in an attempt to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party

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Articles of Confederation

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the first constitution of the 13 American states, adopted in 1781 and replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States

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Federalists

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wanted a stronger national government and the ratification of the Constitution to help properly manage the debt and tensions following the American Revolution

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Anti-Federalists

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opposed the development of a strong federal government and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, preferring instead for power to remain in the hands of state and local governments.

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Legislative Branch

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Creates the laws, includes the House of Representatives and Senate

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Executive Branch

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Carries out the laws, includes the president and vice-president

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Judicial Branch

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Interprets the laws, includes the Supreme Court

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House of Representatives

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Includes 435 voting members, each state gets a share based on population, members serve for 2 years

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Senate

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Includes 100 voting members, each state gets 2 representatives, members serve 6 year terms

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Bicameral

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Having two branches/houses in a legislative body

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Bill of Rights

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The first 10 amendments to the constitution

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1st Amendment

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This amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press, to petition the government for a redress of grivances, and protects the right of assembly.

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2nd Amendment

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This amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms.

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3rd Amendment

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This amendment guards against the forced quartering of troops.

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4th Amendment

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This amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Warrant with proof is needed.)

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5th Amendment

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This amendment guarantees a trial by jury and "due process of law," and guards against double jeopardy (being charged twice for the same offense) and self-incrimination.

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6th Amendment

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This amendment outlines the rights of the accused, including the right to have a "speedy and public" trial, the right to be informed of the charges made against him, the right to call witnesses in his defense, and the right to have an attorney in his defense.

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7th Amendment

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Guarantees the right of a jury trial in civil cases

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8th Amendment

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This amendment protects against "cruel and unusual punishments.

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9th Amendment

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This amendment ensures that the individual rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution are secure—that is, that these rights should not be automatically infringed upon because they are omitted from the Constitution.

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10th Amendment

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This amendment limits the power of federal government by reserving for the states all powers that are not explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor denied to the states.

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Amendment

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A change to the constitution

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Rule of Law

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he principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced; the principle of government by law.

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Monarchy

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Form of government where the power lies with a king

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Oligarchy

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Form of government where the power lies with a few people

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Autocracy

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Form of government where power lies in the hands of one person

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Direct Democracy

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form of democracy in which people decide (e.g. vote on, form consensus on) policy initiatives directly.

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Representative Democracy

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type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people.

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Communism

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a form of government in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

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Constitution

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Document that lays out the framework for the US government

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Declaration of Independence

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Document detailing the grievances with the King of England, separating the colonies from England

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Constitutional Rights

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Rights guaranteed to you by the US Constitution

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Article I (1)

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Created the legislative branch of the government

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Article II (2)

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Created the executive branch of the government

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Article III (3)

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Created the judicial branch of the government

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Article IV (4)

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talks about what responsibilities and duties the states have along with what responsibilities the federal government has to each States.

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Article V (5)

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Gives the steps of how to amend the constitution

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Article VI (6)

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says that the Constitution is the highest law and that all officers and judges have to uphold the Constitution

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Separation of Powers

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an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies

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Checks and Balances

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makes sure no one branch would be able to control too much power, each branch has the power to keep each others powers in check

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Baron de Montesquieu

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Enlightenment thinker who is best known for his views on the separation of power

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Preamble to the Constitution

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the opening statement to the United States Constitution, explains the reasons why the Framers of the Constitution made our government a republic

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Magna Carta

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Document that limited the power of the king and protected certain rights for the nobles, included the big ideals of limited government, rule of law, and due process.

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Mayflower Compact

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Document that introduced the idea of self-government

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English Bill of Rights

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Written in 1689, this document further limited the power of the king and gave more powers to Parliament and the people.

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Common Sense

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Thomas Paine published a pamphlet in 1776 in which he explained the arguments for independence in a way that was easy for everyday colonists to understand