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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Data Governance
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an approach to managing information across an entire organization
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master data management
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a process that spans all of an organizations business processes and applications
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master data
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a set of core data, such as a customer, product, employee, vendor, and geographic location, that span all of the enterprise's information systems
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transaction data
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generated and captured by operational systems, describe the activities, or transactions of the business
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transaction data vs master data
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transaction data: john stevens, CIS
master data: student, course |
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databases
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arranged so that one set of software programs (database management system) provides al users with access to all the data.
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database management system minimizes....
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data redundancy: the same data stored in many places
data isolation: applications cannot access data associated with other applications data inconsistency: various versions of the ata do not agree |
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database management systems maximize....
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data security
data integrity data independence |
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bit (binary digit)
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represents the smallest unit of data a computer can process
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byte
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-group of 8 bits
-represents a single character -a byte can be a letter, number or a symbol |
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field
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logical grouping of characters into a word, small group of words, or an identification number
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record
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a logical grouping of related fields- such as the students name, the courses taken, the date and the grade
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file
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a logical grouping of related records
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data model
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a diagram that represents the entities in the database and the relationships among them
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entity
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a person, place, thing or event such as a customer, employee or a product about which an organization maintains information
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instance
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the instance of an entity is a specific, unique representation of the entity
ex: an instane of the entity STUDENT wold be a specific student |
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attribute
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each characteristic or quality of a particular entity
ex: if our entity was a student, then entity attributes would be student name, student identification number, student address, student major |
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primary key
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the identifier field or attribute that uniquely identifies a record
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secondary key
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other fields that have some identifying information but typically do not identify the file with complete accuracy.
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entity-relationship modeling
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designers plan and create the database through this process using an entity-relationship diagram
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database management system
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a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access, modify, and analyze data stored in one location
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relational database model
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-based on the concept of two-dimenstinal tables
-flat file -contains all the records and attributes |
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structured query language (SQL)
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-most popular query language
-allows people to perform complicated searches by using relatively simple statements or key words |
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query by example
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database language that enables the user to fill out a grid (form) to construct a sample or description of the data wanted
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normalization
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a method for reducing a relational database to its morst streamlined for for minimum redundancy, maximum data integrity, and optimal processing performance
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data warehouse
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a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization
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data mart
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a low-cost, scaled-down version of a data warehouse that is designed for the end-user needs in a small organization, or in a strategic business or department in a large organization
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data warehouses & data marts characteristics
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-organized by business dimension or subject
-use online analytical processing -multidimensional |
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knowledge management
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a process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge tat is art of the organizations memory, usually in an unstructured format
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intellectual capital
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other terms for knowledge
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explicit knowledge
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deals with more objective, rational, and technical knowledge
ex: in an organization, explicit knowledge consists of policies, procedural guides, reports, goals |
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tacit knowledge
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the cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning
ex: in an organization, tacit knowledge consists of an organizations experiences, insights, expertise, trade secrets |
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knowledge management systems
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refer to the use of modern information technologies- the internet, intranets, extranets, databases- to systemize, enhance, and expedite knowledge management within a single firm among multiple firms
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best practices
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the most effective and efficient ways of doing things- readily available to a wide range of employees
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the knowledge management system cycle
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1. create knowledge
2. capture knowledge 3. refine knowledge 4. store knowledge 5. manage knowledge 6. disseminate knowledge |
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computer network
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a system that connects computers and other devices (printers) via communication media so that data and information can be transmitted among them
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bandwidth
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refers to the transmission capacity of a network, stated in bits per second
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broadband
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refers to network transmission capacities ranging from approximately 1 millin bits per second to as much as 20 megabits with fiber-to-the-home
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local area network (LAN)
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connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region, usually within the same building, so that every device on the network can communicate with every other device
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wide area network (WANs)
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networks that cover large geographic areas
-WANs usually connect multiple LANs -WANs generally are provided by common carriers such as telephone companies |
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enterprise network
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organizations today have multiple LANs and may have multiple WANs, which are interconnected to form an enterprise network
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analog signals (wave signals)
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continuous waves that transmit information by altering the characteristics of the waves
-have two parameters: amplitude and frequency |
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digital signals (stream of bits)
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discrete pulses that are either on or off, representing a series of bits
-digital signals convey information in a binary form that can be interpreted by computers |
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modems
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-convert digital signals to analog signals- a process called MOdulation- and analog signals to digital signals- a process called DEModulation
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communications channels
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comprised of two types of media: cable and broadcast
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cable/ wireline media
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use physical wires or cables to transmit data and information
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broadcast/ wireless media
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communications channels that use electromagnetic media to transmit data
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twisted-pair wire
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prevalent form of communications wiring; it is used for almost all business telephone wiring
-inexpensive, slow, easily tapped |
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coaxial cable
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consists of insulated copper wire
-much less susceptible to electrical interference and it can carry much more data |
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fiber-optic cables
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consist of thousands of very thin filaments of glass fibers that transmit information via light pulses generated by lasers
very high bandwidth, difficult to tap, difficult to work with |
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digital subscriber lies (DSL)
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provide high-speed transmission of digital data from homes and businesses over existing telephone lines
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asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
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networks allow users to access almost unlimited bandwidth on demand
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synchronous optical network (SONET)
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an interface standard designed to carry large volumes of traffic over relatively long distances using fiber-optic lines
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T-carrier system
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a digital transmission system that defines circuits that operate at different rates, all of which are multiples of the basic 64 kbps used to transport a single voice call
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protocol
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set of rules and procedures that govern transmission across a network
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ethernet
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a common LAN protocol
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transmission control protocol/ internet protocol
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the protocol of the internet
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internet protocol
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responsible for disassembling, delivering, and reassembling the data during transmission
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packet switching
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the transmission technology that breaks up blocks of data into packets
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client/server computing
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links two or more computers in an arrangement in which some machines, called servers, provide computing services for user PCs, called clients
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peer-to-peer (P2P) processing
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a type of client/server distributed processing where each computer acts as both a client and a server
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three basic types of peer to peer processing
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-first accesses unused CPU power among networked computers
-real-time, person to person collaboration -advanced search and file sharing |
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The Internet
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a global WAN that connects approx 1 million organizational computer networks in more than 200 countries on all continents, including antarctica, and plays a role in the daily routine of almost 2 billion people
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intranet
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a network that uses internet protocols so that users can take advantage of familiar applications and work habits
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extranet
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connects part of the intranets of different organizations
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domain names
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consist of multiple parts that are read from right to left separated by dots
-the rightmost part of an internet name is top-level domain |
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top level domains
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com = commercial sites
edu = educational sites mil = military gov sites gov = civilian gov sites org = organizations |
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World Wide Web (WWW)
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a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via a client/server architecture
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search engine
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a computer program that searches for specific information by key words and the reports the results
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metasearch engines
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search several engines at once and then integrate the findings to answer users queries
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portal
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a web-based, personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IT systems and the Internet using advanced search and indexing techniques
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commercial portals (Public)
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most popular portals on the internet
intended for broad and diverse audiences and offer fairly routine content |
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affinity portals
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offer a single point of entry to an entire community of affiliated interests
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corporate portals
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offer a personalized, single point of access through a web browser to critical business information located inside and outside an organization
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industrywide portals
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serve entire industries
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mobile portals
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portals that are accessible from mobile devices
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collaboration
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refers to efforts by two or more entities- that is individuals, teams, groups or organizations, who work together to accomplish certain tasks
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workflow
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the movement of information as it flows through the sequence of steps that make up an organizations work procedures
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e-learning
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refers to learning supported by the web
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distance learning
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refers to any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face to face
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virtual universities
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online universities in which students take classes from hoe or at an off-site location, via the internet
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telecommuting
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workers are now able to work anywhere and anytime
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electronic commerce
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describes the process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, or information via computer networks, including the internet
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brick-and-mortar organizations
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purely physical organizations
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virtual organizations
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companies engaged only in electronic commerce
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clicks-and-mortar organizations
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mix of digital and physical dimensions are considered partial electronic commerce
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Business to consumer (B2C)
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sellers are organizations, and the buyers are individuals
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business to business (B2B)
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both the sellers and the buyers are business organizations
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Consumer to consumer (C2C)
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an individual sells products or services to other individuals
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business to employee (B2E)
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an organization uses electronic commerce internally to provide information and services to its employees
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e-government
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the use of internet technology in general and e-commer in particular to deliver information and public services to citizens
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auction
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a competitive process in which either a seller solicits consecutive ids from buyers or a buyer solicits bid from sellers
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forward auction
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sellers use as a channel to many potential buyers
ex: ebay |
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reverse auction
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one buyer, usually an organization, wants to buy a product or a service
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electronic storefront
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a web site that represents a single store
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electronic mall
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-cybermall / e-mall
a collection of individual shops grouped under a single internet address |
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cyberbanking
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involves conducting various banking activities from home, at a place of business, or on the road instead of at a physical bank location
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virtual banks
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dedicated solely to internet transactions
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banners
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electronic billboards
(online advertising) |
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pop-up ads
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appears in front of the current browser window
(online advertising) |
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pop-under ads
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appears underneath the active window, and when the active window is closed, the ad appears
(online advertising) |
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permission marketing
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asks consumers to give their permission to voluntarily accept online advertising and email
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viral marketing
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refers to online "word-of-mouth" marketing
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sell-side marketplace model
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organizations attempt to sell their products or services to other organizations electronically from their own private e-marketplace
-catalogs can be customized for each large buyer and forward auctions |
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buy-side marketplace
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a model in which organizations attempt to buy needed products or services from another organization electronically
-major method of buying goods and services in the buy-side model is the reverse auction |
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public exchanges/ exchanges
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independently owned by third party and connect many sellers and many buyers
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vertical exchanges
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connect buyers and sellers in a given industry
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horizontal exchanges
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connect buyers and sellers across many industries and are used primarily for MRO materials
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functionals exchanges
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needed services such as temporary help or extra office space are traded on an "as-needed" basis
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electronic payment systems
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enable you to pay for goods and services electronically rather than by writing a check or using cash
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electronic payment examples
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e-checks
e-credit purchasing cards (primary form of payment between companies) e-cash |
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stored value money card
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resemble credit cards, form of e-cash
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smart cards
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contain a chip that can store a considerable amount of information
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person-to-person payments
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a form of e-cash that enables two individuals to transfer funds without using a credit card
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cybersquatting
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the practice of registering or using domain names for the purpose of profiting form the goodwill or the trademark that belongs to someone else
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microwave transmissions
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systems transmit data via electromagnetic waves
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satellite transmission
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systems make use of communication satellites
-geostationary (GEO) -medium-earth-orbit (MEO) -low-earth-orbit (LEO) |
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global positioning system (GPS)
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a wireless system that utilizes satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on the earth
russian gps- GLONASS European gps- galileo china- beidou |
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radio transmission
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uses radio-wave frequencies to send data directly between transmitters and receivers
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satellite radio
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offers uninterrupted, near CD-quality music that is beamed to our radio, either at home or in your car from space
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infrared light
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red light that usually is not visible to human eyes
TVs, DVDs CD players |
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bluetooth
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an industry specification used to create small personal area networks
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ultra-wideband
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a high-bandwidth wireless technology with transmission speeds in excess of 100 mbps
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near-field communications
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the smallest range of any short-range wireless network
ex: you can swipe our card within a few centimeters of point-of-sale terminals to pay for items |
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wireless fidelity (WI-FI)
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a medium-range wireless local area network, which is basically like a wired LAN, without the wires
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wireless access point
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connects to a wired LAn or to satellite dishes that provide an internet connection
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hotspot
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a wireless access point provides service to a number of users within a small geographical perimeter (up to a couple hundred feet)
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cellular telephones
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provide a two-way radio communications over a cellular network of base stations with seamless handoffs
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mobility
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users carry a device with them and can initiate a real-time contact with other systems from wherever they happen to be
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broad reach
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the fact that users carrying an open mobile device can be reached instantly, even across great distances
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the development of m-commerce is driven by the following factors...
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-widespread availability of mobile devices
-no need for a PC -the "cell phone culture" -declining prices -bandwidth improvement |
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L-commerce (Location based commerce)
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mobile commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times
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mobile portal
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aggregates and provides content and services for mobile users
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voice portal
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a web site with audio interface (web sites that can be accessed through a standard phone or a cell phone)
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telemetry
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the wireless transmission and receipt of data gathered from remote sensors
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radio-frequency identification technology (RFID)
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allows manufacturers to attach tags with antennas and computer chips to goods and then track their movement through radio signals
-developed to replace barcodes |
