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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is placenta |
- develops inside uterus - fetal and maternal capillaries meet here but blood doesn’t mix - exchange of gasses, nutrients and waste between capillaries |
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Umbilical arteries |
Branch off iliac arteries Carries mixed blood to placenta to become oxygenated |
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Umbilical vein |
Enters baby through belly button Carries oxygenated blood from placenta to vena cava via venous duct |
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Oval opening |
Found in between left and right atria Allows portion of blood to bypass lungs |
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Arterial duct |
Shunt between pulmonary trunk and aorta Allows portion of blood to bypass lungs |
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3 major functions of blood |
Transport of substances around body Regulate blood pH Protect body (blood clotting/destroy foreign substances) |
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What is blood made up of |
55% Plasma and 45% formed elements |
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Components of plasma |
90% Water 7-8% plasma proteins Salts, gases, nutrients, waste, hormones and vitamins |
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Purpose of water and plasma proteins in blood plasma |
Water: gives volume to maintain blood pressure Plasma proteins: transport, maintain osmotic pressure which ensures enough water returns to capillaries |
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Purpose and components of blood clotting |
- stop broken blood vessel from bleeding - made up of platelets, red blood cells and fibrin |
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Red blood cells (shape, function, origin and name) |
- biconcave disc, no nucleus, hemoglobin attached - transport O2, CO2 and H+, buffer blood - come from bone marrow - erythrocyte |
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White blood cell (shape, function, origin and name) |
- round/ameboid, large, nucleus - fight infections - comes from bone marrow of lymphoid tissue - leukocyte |
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Platelets (shape, function, origin and name) |
- cell fragments, small, no nucleus - clot blood - come from bone marrow - thrombocyte |
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Blood pressure in capillaries |
Higher at arterial end, decreases as blood moves to venule end - plasma leaves blood and reduces volume and pressure - increase in area blood is spread out |
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What is blood pressure and what creates it |
Force of blood pushing against wall of blood vessels Left ventricle pumping blood out of left ventricle with huge force Pressure decreases further it travels from left ventricle because of increase in area. Once pressure is lost can’t be regained |
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Osmotic pressure |
Pressure created by plasma proteins in blood - remains consistent, plasma proteins don’t leave blood |
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Blood vs osmotic pressure through capillaries |
Arterial side: bp higher than op. O2, plasma, nutrients, hormones diffuse out into tissues fluid then cells Venule side: bp lower than op. CO2, portion of plasma, waste, hormones diffuse into capillaries |
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Blood velocity |
- Speed blood travels through blood vessels - initially high - decreases as vessels branch bc more area=more friction - increases again after capillaries bc less area and skeletal muscles contract |
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SA node |
Top right atria Generates nerve impulses which initiates contraction of atria |
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AV node |
Bottom right atria Receives nerve impulse and passes it to Bundle of His |
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3 segments of heart beat |
1) SA node generates nerve impulse, passes over both atria, they contract, blood pushed to ventricles 2) atrial diastole, ventricular systole, blood pushed to arteries, AV node receives nerve impulse passes it to His and purkinje fibers 3) no nerve impulse, muscles relax, repolarization, blood fills atria |
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Factors affecting blood pressure |
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation (when stimulated by nervous system) High salt diet- increase water volume in blood so increase in bp High cholesterol- builds up in walls and decreases elasticity |
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Role of lymphatic system |
Suck up excess tissue fluid and cleans it (with lymph nodes) before returning it to blood Made up of capillaries and veins Empty lymph fluid into blood at thoracic veins |
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Myocardium, endocardium, pericardium |
Myocardium- cardiac muscle endocardium- inner lining of heart, thin, reduces friction pericardium- outer lining of heart, 2 layers form sac to reduce friction as heart beats |
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Heartbeat sound |
Lubb - atrioventricular valve closing Dubb - semilunar valve closing |
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Systemic circulation |
Systemic: left side of heart to body organs to right side of heart, arteries oxygenated, veins deoxygenated, capillaries drop off O2 pick up CO2, portal vein Pulmonary: right side of heart to lungs to left side, arteries deoxygenated veins oxygenated, capillaries drop off CO2 pick up O2, no portal vein |
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How does the heartbeat change frequency |
Medulla oblongata monitors O2 and CO2 levels in blood and send messages to the ANS When O2 is too low - heart needs to beat more frequently When too high- heart needs to beat less frequently |
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Sympathetic vs parasympathetic branch of ANS |
Sympathetic- causes heart rate to increase when stressed, scared or exercising parasympathetic- causes heart rate to decrease when resting or relaxed |
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What does an EKG tell us |
If conduction pathway is abnormal If heart is enlarged If certain regions of heart are damaged |
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Portions of EKG |
P wave: atrial depolarization, atria contract (atrial systole) QRS complex: ventricular depolarization- ventricles contract T wave: ventricular repolarization, resetting nerves, ventricles relax |
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Arteries structure-function relationship |
Elastic layer, connective tissue: allow artery to expand and recoil without breaking Muscle layer, nerves: allow artery to dialate and constrict to adjust to blood pressure Capillaries network within walls: bring oxygen and nutrients to cells making up think artery |
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Arterioles structure-function relationship |
Thinner elastic and connective layer - dont receive blood directly from heart, don’t need to recoil and expand so much |
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Capillaries structure-function relationship |
Made of one layer of endothelial cells: allow exchange of gasses and nutrients Narrow: reach all living cells sphincter muscles on arteriole end: redirect portion of blood if needed Numerous: increase sa for exchange |
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Venule structure-function relationship |
Thin elastic and connective layer: bp low, don’t need to expand and recoil Thin walls: blood is squeezed through venules by surrounding skeletal muscles |
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Veins structure-function relationship |
Thin muscle and elastic layer- low bp Valves- prevent backflow when skeletal muscles relax Lots of connective tissue |
