Circulatory And Respiratory Systems

Front 1

Alveoli

Back 1

Thin air sacs that are sites for gas exchange between environment and the blood via passive diffusion.

• O2 into the RBC
  
• CO2 out of RBC

Front 2

What is the pleurae?

Back 2

The outer lining of the lungs. It is filled with pleura fluid that lubricates the lungs.

Front 3

What is the trachea?

Back 3

Is the region of the air intake pathway between the glottis and the bronchi.
aka. windpipe.

Front 4

Oxygen content is greatest in the fluid, in which structure?

Back 4

The left ventricle.

Front 5

Pulmonary Vein

Back 5

Only vein that carries oxygenated blood.
It is released in the left ventricle.

Front 6

Pulmonary Artery

Back 6

Only artery that is deoxygenated blood.
On its way to the lungs to be oxygenated.

Front 7

Thoracic Duct

Back 7

- Lymph vessel
- Returning lymphatic fluid back to the venous circulation.

Front 8

Right Atrium

Back 8

- Low O2 content.
- Blood returning from body is collected here before heading to the lungs.

Front 9

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 9

Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

• Is coming from the lower part of the body.
  

Front 10

Medulla Oblongata

Back 10

• Controls the rate of breathing, involuntary.
• Detects decrease in pH in the blood.
• Indicates increasing CO2.

Front 11

The Cerebrum

Back 11

Sensory interpretation, memory, and thought.

Front 12

The Hypothalamus

Back 12

Regulates

• hunger
• thirst
• body temp
• sex drive
• emotion.
  

Front 13

The Cerebellum

Back 13

• Fine motor coordination
• Balance and Equilibrium

Front 14

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 14

• Greater at the arterial end.
• Drives fluid out of the vessel into the interstitial space.

Front 15

Osmotic Pressure

Back 15

• Greater at venule end.
• Drives fluid back in to the vessel to be returned to the circulatory system.

Front 16

Starling's Hypothesis

Back 16

All of the fluid cannot be returned to the vessel. Instead some of the fluid travels in to the interstitial spaces until is picked up lymphatic system where it is filtered through the lymph nodes and returns to the circulatory system via thoracic duct.

Front 17

Epiglottis

Back 17

The cartilaginous structure that prevents food from going down the trachea.

Front 18

Glottis

Back 18

The opening at the top of the trachea that is closed by the epiglottis.

Front 19

Larynx

Back 19

- aka. Voice box
- Located below the glottis.

Front 20

Esophageal Sphincter

Back 20

- aka. Cardiac Sphincter
- Separated the esophagus from the stomach.

Front 21

How is Carbon Monoxide be lethal?

Back 21

Like O2, CO2 is attracted by hemoglobin molecules. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin strongly, and its almost irreversible.

Front 22

Passive Process

Back 22

1. Exhalation
2. Gas Exchange

Front 23

Exhalation

Back 23

- Passive process
- Relaxation of both diaphragm and the external intercostal.

Front 24

Gas Exchange

Back 24

Gases diffuse their partial pressure gradient.

Front 25

Inhalation

Back 25

- Active process
- Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal.

Front 26

Describe Veins

Back 26

• Thin-walls inelastic vessels that usually conduct deoxygenated blood towards the heart.
  
• Veins= towards the heart.
  
  
• Pulmonary Veins= weird (carry Oxygenated blood to left atrium).

Front 27

Blood Flows

Back 27

Depends on compression between neighboring skeletal muscles.

Front 28

Blood Components

Back 28

Cells

• Erythrocyte (RBC)
• Leukocytes (WBC)
• Thrombocyte/ Platelets
  
  

Plasma

Front 29

Blood Cells

Back 29

Erythrocyte (RBC)

• Formed in the Bone Marrow
• Hemoglobin: Bind Oxygen alson a bit of CO2.
• No organelle or Nucleus.

Leukocytes (WBC)

• Stored in the-

Thrombocytes (Blood Clot)

Front 30

Plasma

Back 30

• Liquid
  
• Sugars, proteins, antibodies, etc.
• Osmolarity is highly regulated.
  
  Serum: Plasma W/OUT clotting factor.
  
  Blood pH 7.4 (due to bicarbonate)

Front 31

Blood Type

Back 31

Your blood type equals the antigen you will recognize.

• Ex. Blood Type A: You will recognize antigen A.
• Blood type A: (IA)(IA) or (IA)(i)

Front 32

Blood Type Facts

Back 32

• Universal Donor: O-
• Universal Recipient: AB+

• Blood Type O: No Antigens thus No Donor.
  
• Blood Type O: (i)(i)

Front 33

Rh- Factor

Back 33

Is the +/- in the blood type

• If Rh- then don't have the antibody until it is produced by the body if the baby is born wil a Rh+. The antibody doesn't affect the baby but if the mom has a second baby with Rh+ than you'll need immuno suppressors.

Front 34

Blood Vessel

Back 34

Heart-> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venuloes-> Veins

Front 35

Arteries

Back 35

• Carries blood away from the heart.
• Blood vessels are thick and muscular.
• Mostly Oxygenated
• Except for the pulmonary artery= deoxy.
• No Valves.

Front 36

Veins

Back 36

• Carries blood TOWARDS the heart.
• Blood vessels are thin.
• Mostly DEoxygenated.
• Except for the pulmonary vein= Oxygenated
• Yes Valves

Front 37

Capillaries

Back 37

• Vein-Artery connection
• 1 micro cell thick
• Mixed blood.
• No Valves

Front 38

The Heart Pathway

Back 38

Superior/Inferior Vena Cava ->
Right Atrium-> Tricuspid Valve->
Right Ventricle-> P-semilunar valve->

Pulmonary Artery-> LUNGS-> Pulmonary Vein->
Left Atrium-> Bicuspid Valve->
Left Ventricle-> Aorta Semilunar Valve->
Aorta

Front 39

Electrical Conduction

Back 39

• Origin is the SA node (paste-maker)
  

Pathway

• SA node-> AV node-> Bundle of His-> Purkinji Fiber
  
• AV Node ensures that atrium is empty before ventricle contracts.

Front 40

Systole vs Diastol

Back 40

• Systole= Ventricle Contracts
  
  
• Diastole= Ventricle Relax

Front 41

Respiratory Tract

Back 41

Nares-> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea ->
Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

Front 42

Circulation: Left and Right

Back 42

• Right Heart: Pumps Blood into Pulmonary circulation.
  
  
• Left Heart: Pumps blood into Systemic circulation.

Front 43

Macrophages

Back 43

Phagocytize foreign cells.

Front 44

The Blood Types

Back 44

• Type A: (IA)(IA) or (IA)(i)
  
• Type B: (IB)(IB) or (IB)(i)
• Type O: (i)(i)
  
• Type AB: (IA)(IB)
  

Front 45

Platelets

Back 45

• Clot formation
  
• Protein: Thrombin and Fibrin

Front 46

Cardiac Cycle

Back 46

• aka Electrical Conduction
• SA-> AV-> Bundle of His-> Purkinki Fibers

Front 47

Respiratory System

Back 47

• Ciliated nasal membrane warm, moisten, and filter inspired air.
• Mucus lining the respiratory tract coats particulate matter.
• The beating of cilia that line the respiratory tract moves foreign particles towards the pharynx for expulsion.

Front 48

Negative Air Pressure Breathing

Back 48

Air enters the lunges because of the difference in pressure between the interior of the lungs and the external environment.

• Decrease air pressure within the lungs.
• Increase Volume of Thoracic cavity.
• Contracting the muscle of the rib cage and the diaphragm.

Front 49

Oxygen Delivery Factors

Back 49

• Surface area of the RBC.
• Surface area of the alveoli.
• Rate of respiration.

Front 50

Partial Pressure

Back 50

Gas Exchange in Alveoli

• O2 taken up by blood and CO2 released.
• Air in Alveoli will have a lower partial pressure of O2 and a higher partial pressure of CO2.
  
  
• Inhale O2 leads to greater partial pressure of O2 and then released of CO2.

Front 51

Quick Organ Functions

Back 51

• Spleen stores a volume and filters it but does not produce it.
  
• Liver removes foreign material and detox chemicals in the blood.
• Heart provides the pressure that enables the blood to travel throughout the body.
• Vagus nerve slow the heart rate.

Front 52

Systolic and Diastolic Pressure

Back 52

• Systolic pressure is higher than diastolic pressure.
  
  
• Systolic pressure is the pressure of the ventricular contraction.
• Diastolic is the pressure between contractions.

Front 53

Bicarbonate

Back 53

HCO3- Bicarbonate

• Is to serve as a buffer to maintain a slightly basic (7.4) pH of the blood.