Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
304 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When and where was Cicero born?
|
3rd January 106 BC in Arpinum south of Rome
|
|
|
When, where and why did Cicero die?
|
7 December 43 BC as he was put on Marcus Antonius' (Mark Antony) proscription list. However, the whole second triumvirate (Octavian, Lepidus and Antony) wanted him dead because he was a threat.
He was killed by assassins on a woodland path near his coastal villa in Formiae. He was beheaded and his hands were cut off because they had written the Philippics which |
|
|
Why did Mark Antony hate Cicero?
|
Philippics
Cicero urged the senate to vote Anthony an enemy of the state when Anthony was in Gaul with his army. Cicero criticised Mark Antony often because he was a close associate of Caesar. |
|
|
How did Cicero's death brave and noble?
|
Told his slaves to put him down from his sedan chair with which they were carrying him with.
Cicero stretched out his neck for the assassins to slit his throat. |
|
|
Who was Mark Antony's wife?
|
Fulvia
|
|
|
What type of family was Cicero born into?
|
Equestrian order (lower aristrocratic):
Land owning and respected |
|
|
What was Cicero a staunch supporter of?
|
Republic
Concordia Ordinum |
|
|
What name is given to the Republican form of government?
|
res publica
|
|
|
What had Rome been before the Republic?
|
Monarchy, first king was Romulus (rex)
|
|
|
Why had tribunes been enforced?
|
Struggle of the orders as a result of the plebians becoming more wealthy and thus more recognised from the Roman elite.
|
|
|
Define cursus honorum
|
Career ladder of offices for Roman politicians
|
|
|
What are the patricians?
|
Original oligarchy of Rome whose descendants went all the way back to the Foundation of Rome (Romulus' first 100 senators)
|
|
|
What were Patricians not allowed to do?
|
Marry Plebians
|
|
|
What were Patricians allowed to do?
|
Exclusively hole the consulship (until 367BC)
Hold office 2 years earlier. |
|
|
Who was given the power to create more Patrician families?
|
Augustus
|
|
|
What does the word patrician derive from?
|
pater (father)
|
|
|
what are the plebians?
|
mass population of Romans who were not patricians
|
|
|
How many consuls were there?
|
2
|
|
|
Function of consul
|
supreme military and political officers of the Senate.
|
|
|
Term used for a substitute consul if the previous one died/resigned?
|
consul suffectus
|
|
|
Why were there 2 consuls and how did they work together?
|
Prevent one becoming too powerful
Each consul was top for one month alternating |
|
|
State the order of the cursus honorum:
|
Consul
Praetor Aedile Quaestor |
|
|
Duties of praetor
|
Administration of justice
Summon legislation |
|
|
What is the term for an assembly of the senate?
|
Comitia
|
|
|
How many praetors were there normally? How many during Sulla?
|
Normally 6
Sulla raised this to 8 |
|
|
When was the office of a consul?
|
1 Jan-31st Dec
|
|
|
When were the elections for consul?
|
July (27th)
|
|
|
Duties of aedile
|
Care of city:
Roads (traffic), water supply, corn, annual games |
|
|
What made the office of aedile attractive?
|
Importing corn and hosting games(at own expense) leads to popularity if done well ->clientele.
|
|
|
What would a patron/clientele do?
|
Attend morning greeting as well as vote and canvass for him and his friends.
|
|
|
Duty of tribunes
|
Defend the lives and property of the plebians
|
|
|
How many tribunes were elected each year?
|
10
|
|
|
What office were patricians barred from holding?
|
Tribune of the plebians
|
|
|
Who had veto and what is it?
|
Power of the tribunes to refuse legislation on the grounds that it was not in the interest of the plebians.
|
|
|
Duty of quaestors
|
Financial administration
|
|
|
How many Quaestors were elected annually?
|
19
Sulla:20 Caesar:40 Augustus:20 |
|
|
How often was a census held?
|
Every 5 years
|
|
|
Duty of the censors
|
supervising public morals, leasing land and state contracts
|
|
|
Power of the censors
|
Remove any senator who had acted against the law or against public morality
|
|
|
What two factions are present within the nobiles?
|
Optimates
Populares |
|
|
Aim of factions within nobiles
|
advancement of members and excluding rival faction members
No political programme - not political parties |
|
|
Minimum amount of money needed to enter the senatorial class
|
1,000,000 sesterces
|
|
|
Term for a roman marriage
|
Conubium
|
|
|
Term for freedmen
|
Liberti
|
|
|
Who didn't have the right to vote?
|
Women
Slaves Those not latin citizens |
|
|
Minimum age of a consul
|
43
|
|
|
How many names does a roman citizen have?
|
3
Forename Family Additional name |
|
|
What was the problem for military plebians?
|
Conscription list forced them to fight but they had to leave their land unattended which often could not function without them (due to lack of money and caretaking) and so land would often fall back into the hands of the Patricians.
|
|
|
Why did military Patricians have the upperhand over military plebians?
|
Could afford to keep property whilst away at war.
|
|
|
How were consuls and preators elected?
|
Comitia centuriata
|
|
|
Term for prestige
|
dignitas
|
|
|
Term for reputation
|
auctoritas
|
|
|
Term for seriousness
|
gravitas
|
|
|
How long did offices in the cursus honorum last?
|
1 year
|
|
|
Difference between optimates and populares
|
optimates = traditional old patricians
populares = often bypassed the senate and brought legislation to the people; reformed younger patricians |
|
|
How did Rome become a sole superpower in the Mediterranean world?
|
Scipio conquered Carthage during the First and Second Punic War
Greece becomes a Roman province during Battle of Corinth |
|
|
In what year did Tiberius Gracchus stand as tribune?
|
133BC
|
|
|
What did Tiberius Gracchus propose and when?
|
133BC
lex agraria: all landowners in excess of 500 iugera give up surplus distribute surplus in small allotments for rent |
|
|
Who disliked Tiberius' lex agraria?
|
Large landowners who had over 500 iugera
|
|
|
Why did Tiberius Gracchus enforce the lex agraria?
|
Land problem for military plebians who once conscripted were away from their land for long periods - inequality of wealth
|
|
|
What happened when Tiberius put forward the lex sempronia agraria legislation bill?
|
Tiberius bypassed the senate, straight to the concilium plebis
Octavius, a fellow tribune, vetoed the bill Tiberius urged Octavius to retract his objection but he didn't so Tiberius petitioned that Octavius be removed from tribune Although unhappy, the Senate passed Tiberius' bill |
|
|
What led to Tiberius Gracchus' death?
|
Re-election of tribune for second year running - illegal
|
|
|
What was Tiberius Gracchus' second proposition?
|
Use revenue from conquest of Asia to finance resettling land.
|
|
|
What was the Senate's response to Tiberius Gracchus' second proposition?
|
The senate was in no mood to be outwitted again, particularly not on matters of finance. It unwillingly passed the proposal. But Tiberius was not making any friends.
It was a clear challenge to the senate's authority. |
|
|
Why did Tiberius Gracchus stand for re-election illegally?
|
Gracchus was in danger of prosecution in the courts as well as assassination. He knew it and therefore realized that he had to be re-elected to enjoy the immunity of public office.
|
|
|
How did Tiberius Gracchus die?
|
NOT the Senate
Scipio Nascia - Tiberius' cousin - and his supporters killed him and tossed Tiberius' body in the river |
|
|
Why was Tiberius Gracchus' death so climactic?
|
First instance when a Roman killed a Roman which shows instability and is a clear sign foreshadowing the civil war.
|
|
|
What happened to Tiberius Gracchus' killers?
|
Not punished
|
|
|
When was Gaius Gracchus elected as tribune?
|
123BC
|
|
|
What were Gaius Gracchus' aims?
|
Transform Rome into a democracy
Re-enact Tiberius' (his brother) agrarians reforms Restructure composition of juries |
|
|
Why were Gaius Gracchus' aims opposed? Who by?
|
By restructuring the composition of the juries he would reduce bias and thus lessen the power of senatorial authority
Opposed by tribune Drusus |
|
|
Why was Gaius Gracchus killed?
|
Soon after proposing his reforms one of the consul's (Opimius) slaves was killed, Gaius was blamed.
Senatus Consultum Ultimatum was passed; Opimius ordered for Gracchus and 3000 of his supporters to be killed |
|
|
What is SCU?
|
Senatus Consultum Ultimatum
issued in a state of emergency which allows consuls to use force in order to protect the Senate |
|
|
What happened to Opimius after ordering Gaius Gracchus and 3000 of his supporters to be killed?
|
Acquitted because he was under SCU at the time.
|
|
|
What was the importance if Gaius Gracchus' death?
|
Romans killing Romans
Killers not punished, getting away with murder. |
|
|
When and what was the Social War?
|
91-88BC
Italian allies who had fought side by side with Rome wanted Roman citizenship. Drusus proposed it but Senate opposed - leading to Drusus' assassination. Italian allies revolted against Rome and so consuls Strabo and Sulla pardoned and gave citizenship to any allies who surrendered their weapons. |
|
|
Who were the consuls at the time of the Social War
|
Sulla
Strabo |
|
|
What 3 laws did Sulpicius Rufus enact in 88BC?
|
Expel all senators from senate with debts greater than 2000 denarii
Recall all political exiles who were accused of encouraging allies to take up arms during Social War Transfer of command against Mithradates King of Pontus from Sulla to Marius |
|
|
What office did Sulpicius Rufus hold in 88BC?
|
Tribune
|
|
|
What was Sulla's reaction to no longer being the commander against Mithradates in Pontus?
|
Stoned the envoy, refused to back down and marched onto Rome like a dictator.
|
|
|
Who was Cicero's younger brother?
|
Quintus
|
|
|
Why couldn't Cicero enter politics directly? How could he?
|
Not a patrician
Had to work himself up through law or military and also have 1,000,000 sesterces which he did not have. |
|
|
What and where was Cicero first educated?
|
Rome
Grammar, rhetoric and Greek |
|
|
Who taught Cicero law?
|
Mucius Scaevola who was the greatest lawyer at that time.
|
|
|
What military experience did Cicero have?
|
Very little- at 18 he worked with Pompeius Strabo (uncle of Pompey the Great) but he hated it.
|
|
|
What did Cicero do after leaving the military?
|
Resumed studies of rhetoric, logic, philosophy and oratory at Athens, Asia Minor and Rhodes.
|
|
|
Where did Cicero meet Atticus?
|
Athens in 79BC
|
|
|
When was Cicero elected for quaestor? When was his term?
|
76
Term:75 |
|
|
When was the Pro Sextio Roscio Amerino trial?
|
80BC
|
|
|
What was the Sextio Roscio Amerino trial for?
|
Cicero defended Sextus Roscius the Younger who was accused of parricide- killing Sextus Roscius the Elder.
|
|
|
State Cicero's tactics during the Pro Roscius case
|
Cicero blamed the murder onto Roscius' relatives Magnus and Capito (under the instruction of powerful freedman Chrysogonus who was a supporter of consul at that time Sulla).
Chrysogonus allegedly inserted Roscius the Elder's name belatedly (posthumously) on Sulla's proscription list. |
|
|
Why didn't Sextus the Elder's land go to his son? Who did it go to and for how much?
|
If a man was on a proscription list then the estate went to a state auction.
Chrysogonus bought the 6 million sesterces estate for 2000 sesterces. Magnus and Capito received a few of the estates in return for the conspiracy. |
|
|
Why was the Pro Roscius Trial important for Cicero?
|
He was the only lawyer who agreed to defend Sextus Roscius the Younger making him look brave especially because he stood up against Chrysogonus and still won the case!
|
|
|
In what year was the final Punic War against Carthage and the Battle of Corinth in Greece?
|
146BC
|
|
|
What was the danger of Cicero taking on the Pro Roscius case in 80BC?
|
Could lose potential supporters by standing against powerful Chrysogonus which Cicero was in dire need being a novus homo
|
|
|
Who was the consul in 80BC?
|
Sulla
|
|
|
What does Cicero do after the Pro Roscius case?
|
In 79 he travels to Athens to study with Apollonius Molo and whilst there marries Terentia.
|
|
|
Why did Cicero take on more defence cases than opposition?
|
brings greater glory and makes Cicero look caring.
|
|
|
Where was Cicero's quaestorship?
|
Lilybaeum in Sicily
|
|
|
Importance of Cicero's quaestorship in 75BC in Lilybaeum
|
Created enough personal support to compensate for being a novus homo by being fair and kind to Roman businessmen in that area.
Gave Cicero the chance to undertake cases and thus practice his oratory. |
|
|
Why was Cicero seen as caring and fair during his quaestorship?
|
Cicero settled with the extortionate private companies who bullied the "nation's storehouse" for corn because there were shortages of corn in Rome.
|
|
|
What were Gaius Verres' crimes (not the one he was charged for)?
|
controlled all legal cases / cancelled inheritances / robbed farmers / treated allies as enemies / treated Roman citizens as slaves (with torture / execution) / acquitted criminals through bribery / convicted innocent men (in their absence) / allowed pirates to attack / starved Sicilians to death / plundered sanctuaries / performed sexual crimes
|
|
|
From which Order did the jury at Verres’ trial come?
|
Senatorial
|
|
|
State the restrictions that Sulla had placed on tribunes.
|
could not:
• introduce own legislation (but only what sanctioned by senate) • use right of veto (except in matters which affected individual’s rights) • hold further political office • summon senate • exercise judicial powers • arrest / bring before Assembly / imprison senatorial offender |
|
|
Details of Caesar's death on the Ides of March
|
stabbed (1) 23 times (1) in senate (1) in Theatre of Pompey (1) at foot of Pompey’s statue (1) after bad night / dreams (1) initial decision not to leave house (1) bad omens / warning of soothsayer (1) receiving (unopened) letter warning of plot (1) while being presented by appeal on behalf of exile (1); grabbed dagger from first attack (1); when saw Brutus spoke to him (1) and covered head with toga (1) etc.
|
|
|
What part did Hortensius play in Verres’ trial and to what post had Hortensius just been elected?
|
defense/ Verres' lawyer
consul |
|
|
what post was Cicero hoping to be elected in the run-up to Verres’ trial?
|
Aedileship
|
|
|
what did Verres try to do during Cicero's election for aedileship?
|
use bribery against Cicero / prevent Cicero’s election
|
|
|
What is Concordia Ordinum?
|
harmony between the orders / classes working together [1] equites / equestrians / knights [1] working with senate [1] as had been shown during Catilinarian crisis [1]
|
|
|
Why did Caelius want Cicero to send him panthers?
|
to use in show / for election campaign / as aedile
|
|
|
Who was Tiro?
|
Slave / steward / secretary / deciphered Cicero’s handwriting / took dictation / invented shorthand / proof-reader / managed finances / arranged dinner parties / edited / published letters / biographer etc.
|
|
|
Who had offered Brutus ‘the directorship of the corn-supply from Asia’ and why did Brutus not want to accept it?
|
Antony [1] simply ploy to remove him from Rome / minor post / less prestigious than governorship (of Macedonia) he had previously been allotted / insulting / inappropriate to his status [1] etc.
|
|
|
Who was Tertulla?
|
Tertia / Brutus’ (half-)sister / Cassius’ wife
|
|
|
Why had people from this province asked Cicero rather than anyone else to prosecute Verres?
|
Cicero had served in Sicily as quaestor / financial official / assistant to governor [1] 5 years earlier [1] had established reputation for honesty [1] taken many Sicilians into his clientela / had become patron of many Sicilians [1] had reputation as successful lawyer [1] after e.g. Roscius case [1] as equestrian [1] tended to support interest of business community [1] was member of senate [1] but not part of Verres’ clique / optimates [1] etc.
|
|
|
In what court was Verres prosecuted?
|
Extortion
|
|
|
What official position did Verres hold in Sicily?
|
governor / propraetor
|
|
|
Give one example of the ‘criminal plots’ by which Verres hoped to avoid conviction, according to Cicero. Tactics of the opposition:
|
Tried to put up false prosecutor (Quintus Caelcilius Niger) [1] proposal of inquiry into governor of another province (Achaea) / attempt to postpone trial to following year / when Verres’ advocate (Hortensius) consul / another supporter (Quintus Caecilius Metellus) consul / his brother (Marcus Caecilius Metellus) president of court [1] bribery of jury [1] tried to disrupt Cicero’s election (to aedile) [1] etc.
|
|
|
What official post did Caesar hold in 59 BC?
|
consul
|
|
|
For whose benefit had Caesar brought in the Campanian Law ?
|
Pompey's veterans
|
|
|
In what year was the trial against Verres?
|
70BC
|
|
|
Cicero's reasons for taking the Ad Verram case
|
Hated dishonest administration
Sympathetic to the "equites" who were now excluded from the jury of the extortion court where the trial was taking place meaning that the jury was entirely composed of members of the senate Gave Cicero the opportunity to defeat and supersede Hortensius who was defending Verres |
|
|
What was the result of the trial against Verres in 70BC?
|
Cicero won; Verres retired to Massilia in voluntary exile and fined twice the amount of his extortions (80 million sesterces)
|
|
|
What were Verres' alleged extortions from (province) Sicily during his propraetorship?
|
40 million sesterces
|
|
|
Who were the two consuls elect at the time of the trial of Verres?
|
Hortensius - defense lawyer of Verres
Metellus Creticus - supporter of Verres |
|
|
In what year was Verres born?
|
115BC
|
|
|
How did Cicero characterise Verres?
|
Boastful - "let everyone see the schemes"
Shameless- "feel not the slightest shame or disgust" Unsenatorial - "corrupt" |
|
|
Example of unlawful punishment of Roman citizen by Verres
|
Beating and torture of C. Servilius who incurred Verres' wrath after publically criticising him -> Verres accused Servilius of stealing Venus' property and so Servilius was beaten by six lictors and thus died despite pleading not guilty.
|
|
|
How many days did Cicero ask to gather evidence for his trial against Verres?
|
110 days
|
|
|
On what day did the trial of Verres begin?
|
5 August 70BC giving Cicero "just" 11 days before the public holidays began
|
|
|
Why did Cicero choose the aedileship rather than the tribunate?
|
More acceptable to the nobiles whom he wanted as supporters
|
|
|
Example of a naval crime by Verres
|
Did not kill all of pirates, only old ones. Instead Verres killed innocent Spanish quarry workers in an effort to boost the numbers highlighted by villagers.
Escorted the captain to a little village where he was kept in comfort. |
|
|
Examples of valuable seizures by Verres
|
Four figures from chapel of Heius
Golden Candelabrum of a Syrian Prince |
|
|
What does amicitiae mean?
|
Political alliance (friendships)
|
|
|
Why didn't Cicero's father not take part in politics?
|
Despite being immersed in literature and education he had bad health.
|
|
|
What was the only military experience Cicero had?
|
worked under Pompeius Strabo (consul at the time, father of Pompey) and then under Sulla.
|
|
|
What kind of oratory did Hortensius use?
|
Asianic
(flamboyant, forceful and grandiose) |
|
|
What daring move did Cicero make during the Pro Roscio case?
|
Criticised Chrysogonus himself, mentioning his name against the Metelli (who handed the case over to Cicero)
|
|
|
What famous quote did Cicero use during the Roscius trial?
|
"cui bono"
who stood to gain? Roscius was too naïve nor had the character, motive or was in Rome in order to commit parricide and so this made his allegation against Magnus and Capito more plausible. |
|
|
In what year did Cicero return back to Rome after studying in Greece after the Pro Roscio trial?
|
77BC
|
|
|
What age was Cicero when he became quaestor? What was the significance of this?
|
30
in his year - earliest possible |
|
|
Who was Verres?
|
Notoriously corrupt politician who was appointed as governor of Sicily in 73 BC
|
|
|
What does "imperium" mean?
|
The right to command an army abroad
|
|
|
Why did it seem likely for Verres to be acquitted? What did Cicero do in response to this?
|
Hortensius chosen to be consul in 69BC and so if the case was taken on during this year Verres would definitely be acquitted.
As a result, Cicero had to shorten his speech to make sure that the proceedings did not lead up to August when many games took place. |
|
|
What year was Cicero's defence case for Marcus Fonteius?
|
69BC during Cicero's aedileship
|
|
|
What was Fonteius being charged for in 69BC?
|
Extortion
|
|
|
Why can we say that Cicero was acting hypocritically during 69BC?
|
Defended Fonteius for the same reason he attacked Verres (extortion, albeit on a smaller scale)
|
|
|
How did Cicero win Fonteius' case?
|
Diminished credibility of the Gauls' accusations
"The Gauls say that Fonteius is guilty - so it must be true!" |
|
|
Who was Marcus Fonteius?
|
Governor of Transalpine Gaul
|
|
|
What was the worry if Fonteius was acquitted?
|
Prosecutors thought that it would lead to a Gallic war
|
|
|
What did Cicero say would happen if they wrongfully condemned Fonteius?
|
There would be no limit to the Roman jury's impudence thereafter.
|
|
|
How did Cicero make an emotional appeal during Fonteius' case?
|
Paraded the distressed family of the accused - Fonteius' sister was a vestal virgin
|
|
|
What political advantages did having a family bring?
|
Rank himself as responsible, reliable and mature
Caught the public's eye - they loved domestic affairs |
|
|
What battle did Pompey lead between 73 and 71 BC?
|
Against Spartacus' troops - 70,000 slaves and gladiators
|
|
|
In what year did Pompey return to Rome and demand the consulship?
|
71BC
|
|
|
Why was Cicero always cautiously engineering his campaign to avoid displeasing the nobility?
|
Praetorship and consulship held in the centuriate assembly where voted were more heavily biased towards the richer citizens (nobility)
|
|
|
In what year was the conference at Luca?
|
56BC
|
|
|
In what year was the civil war outbreak?
|
49BC
|
|
|
In what year was the Bona Dea scandal?
|
62BC
|
|
|
Why did Cicero turn down the position of pro-praetor?
|
Wanted to remain in the eyes of Roman citizens in the 2 years he had to wait until he at an eligible age to stand for consulship.
Also, he could not afford to go abroad. |
|
|
In what year was Cicero praetor?
|
66BC
|
|
|
What position did Cicero hold when he supported the Lex Manilia?
|
praetor
|
|
|
Who were Cicero's 4 opponents for the consulship?
|
Galba
Antonius Catiline Cornificius |
|
|
In what year did Pompey return from the East and what was he doing over there?
|
61BC
Fought against King Mithradates in Pontus |
|
|
What did Pompey do during his consulship with Crassus in 70BC?
|
Despite both being ex-soldiers of Sulla’s, Pompey and Crassus destroyed what was left of Sulla’s reforms. All powers were returned to the tribunes. The censorship was revived: 64 senators were immediately expelled from the Senate by the censors- giving Pompey and Crassus the opportunity to fill these spaces with supporters
|
|
|
In what year was the Lex Gabinia and what did it state?
|
67BC
Pompey was given supreme command against the Mediterranean pirates.He accomplished this in just 40 days when the job was expected to take years. |
|
|
In what year was the Lex Manilia and what did it state?
|
66BC
Pompey was to be given command over the long-running war against Mithridates. Pompey's command was proposed by the tribune Manilius, supported by Caesar and made possible by Cicero’s law-Lex Manilia. Like the Lex Gabinia, it was opposed by the most conservative elements of the Senate, but passed nonetheless |
|
|
How did Cicero react to the Lex Manilia?
|
Very supportive - he stridently championed Pompey's cause in an overwhelmly sycophantic speech so as to line himself with the populares (who loved Pompey for all the empire's victories).
|
|
|
What did Cicero gain from backing the Lex Manilia in 66BC?
|
Support of the people (populares) which he needed in the climb to the consulship
Gratitude and tighter links with Pompey |
|
|
Who was Galba?
|
Cicero's rival for consulship:
noble patrician whose family was in decline. Cicero said he was "a man without vigour or ability" Optimates would like him |
|
|
Who was Gaius Antonius Hybrida?
|
Cicero's rival for consulship:
Lost campaign against pirates to Pompey Expelled from Senate in 70BC, working his way back up Old people such as the optimates would back him |
|
|
Who was Catiline?
|
Cicero's rival for consulship:
Distinguished nobleman from a patrician family Successful in military Optimates would back him |
|
|
Who was Cornificus?
|
Cicero's rival for consulship:
Campaign based on morality Lacked vigour - no natural support base |
|
|
Why was Catiline forbidden from standing for consulship in the elections of 64BC?
|
He was pending trial for crimes committed in Africa as a governor there for extortion.
|
|
|
How did Catiline become acquitted for his extortion trial? Who wanted to help him?
|
Cicero planned on being his defence so that they could work together to win the duo for consulship but Cicero in the end decided not to.
Lavish bribery made of the jury from Crassus. |
|
|
Who formed an alliance in the campaign for consulship against Cicero in 63BC?
|
Antonius and Catiline
|
|
|
Who were consuls in 63BC?
|
Cicero and Antonius
|
|
|
When and what was the first Catilinarian Conspiracy?
|
65BC when Catiline (along with Sulla and Piso) tried to assassinate the consuls at that time because Catiline was banned from standing for he was pending for another trial elsewhere.
However, Catiline was spotted carrying a weapon in the forum and as a result failed in his plot. |
|
|
When and what was "In toga candida"?
|
64BC Cicero's orations in the run up for the consulship election where he denounced rivals such as Catiline
|
|
|
What were Catiline's tactics in the run up to the consulship lection in 64BC?
|
BRIBERY - such a large scale that the Senate decreed new bribery laws with heavier penalties.
Catiline promised to cancel all debts. This was appealing not just to the poor but also the rich. Catiline made a speech before the election, in which he promised to help the poor and the desperate (he included himself in this) by cancelling all debts. He talks about a body without a head, and that he was happy to be the head (the poor, mass of plebeians were the body, i.e. the strength. He was the head- giving the body direction). “It was a metaphor!” Catiline said. The "rich" at this time would have also been appealed by this idea because they were running low due to all the bribery going on! |
|
|
When and what was the Agrarian legislation of the tribunes?
|
During Cicero's consulship in 63BC (calends - first day in Jan)
legislation led by Rullus wanted to distribute land to the landless poor (backed by Caesar in an effort to rival Pompey) All 10 tribunes agreed but Cicero didn't. Cicero's co-consul Antonius agreed. Cicero didn't back the legislation because it wasn't in Pompey's interests because he wanted this land for his Mithridatic War Veterans. |
|
|
How did Cicero win Antonius' support?
|
Gave up his rich province in Macedonia to him which Antonius could illegally extort to recover from intense bribery.
|
|
|
How did Cicero convince the people that the agrarian bill set by Rullus in 63BC was a fraud?
|
Claimed that the 10 people who would have the power to redistribute land to the landless poor would be like kings - and the Romans hated the idea of monarchy!
|
|
|
When and what was the trial of Rabirius?
|
63BC during Cicero's consulship
Tribune Labienus accused Rabirius of perduellio (high treason) for the death of Saturninus (tribune at that time = sacrosanct) which had happened 37 years previously in 100BC (during SCU). This was Caesar's revenge for the Rullus defeat; he wanted to discredit senatus consultam ultimum in an effort to undermine the authority of the senate. Case was dropped before a verdict was passed. |
|
|
Why was the Rabirius trial brought to a close before a verdict was reached?
|
Red flag was lowered signalling that enemy invaders were about to attack and so all public business was stopped.
|
|
|
What happened during the elections for consul in 63BC for the position in 62BC?
|
Catiline made an unofficial election speech saying "it was impossible for a man to be a loyal defender of the poor unless he was poor himself" and so Cicero called for the elections to be postponed.
Catiline turned up with armed guards; Cicero truend up with a breastplate to signify how he thought that Catiline was a danger.Catiline lost the election: Murena and Silanus won. |
|
|
What was Cicero called after his consulship duty?
|
parens patriae
|
|
|
2 facts about Cicero's consulship electoral victory
|
landslide - top of poll in suo anno
|
|
|
What law did Cicero pass during his consulship concerning corrupt electoral practices?
|
lex Tullia de ambitu
|
|
|
Briefly explain what Catiline was plotting in his Catilinarian conspiracy
|
murder Cicero, become consul and divide up Rome to his friends
|
|
|
What happened on 20th October 63 B.C?
|
An anonymous letter, presumably drafted by Catiline or one of his conspirators, made its way to Crassus (and then to Cicero) and many members of the Senate. This letter contained a warning to the recipients to leave the city, threatening death and destruction to the whole city—and mentioned the date of October 27th, which was to be the day the attacker's forces would strike the city.
|
|
|
What happened on October 21 63BC?
|
Cicero presented the letters to the members of the senate as proof that Catiline was indeed a real threat to the safety of the Roman people. Cicero was charged with protecting the city of Rome through the senatus consultum ultimum
|
|
|
What happened on 6th November 63BC?
|
Catiline held a meeting with his supporters dividing up Rome and Italy and planning Cicero's murder
|
|
|
What happened on 7th November 63BC?
|
Cicero avoided his assassination
|
|
|
When did Cicero make his 1st Catilinarian oration? Where was it?
|
8th November 63BC, day after his attempted assassination.
Inside Temple of Jupiter Stator where Catiline was present. He fled that evening |
|
|
Where did Catiline say he would go after Cicero's Catilinarian 1st oration? Where di he actually go?
|
exile in Massilia
He actually went to Etruria with Manlius |
|
|
When did Cicero make his 2nd Catilinarian oration?
|
9th November 63BC
|
|
|
What was the term used for Catiline and Manlius calling them public enemies?
|
hostes
|
|
|
When was the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy?
|
63BC
|
|
|
Who were the Allobroges and what did they have to do with the Second Catilinarian Conspiracy?
|
Gallic tribe who at the time were seeking relief from oppression by their governor. Lentulus wanted to use them to divert attention away from the conspiracies (which they revealed to the Allobroges) that they were planning. The Allobroges told their patron who in turn told Cicero of their plans -> real proof of the conspirators' plot.
|
|
|
What happened on the 3rd December 63BC?
|
Second Catilnarian conspiracy exposed: letter from Catiline to Allobroges outlining conspiracy and intentions intercepted.
5 conspirators arrested and brought to Cicero's house. Cicero performs his 3rd Catilinarian oration where he declares conspirators to be acting contra rem publicam |
|
|
How many Catilinarian Orations did Cicero perform?
|
4
|
|
|
Who was against Cicero executing the Catilinarian Conspirators? Why?
|
Caesar
Illegal, thought that the Rabirius trial was a warning! He wanted life imprisonment instead |
|
|
What day were the Catilinarian conspirators executed?
|
5th December 63BC
|
|
|
Who was in favour of the death penalty for the Catilinarian Conspirators?
|
Cicero
Silanus &Murena (consuls-elect) Cato |
|
|
When was the Bona Dea Scandal?
|
December 62BC
|
|
|
What was the Bona Dea Scandal?
|
Clodius, disguised as a woman entered the house of the Pontifex Maximus (Caesar at that time) where noble ladies and vestal virgins were celebrating the religious rites of Bona Dea.
|
|
|
Who testified for the prosecution of Clodius in the Bona Dea Scandal?
|
Terentia - Cicero's wife.
|
|
|
What did Caesar do in response to the Bona Dea Scandal?
|
Refused to pass any judgement which goes against his role of pontifex maximus which states that he is responsible for ritual purity.
|
|
|
Why did Clodius hate Cicero?
|
During Clodius' trial in the Bona Dea Scandal Cicero disproved Clodius' alibi and taunted him in front of the whole senate.
|
|
|
What was the final judgement of the Bona Dea Trial?
|
Clodius was acquitted ->bribed the jury
|
|
|
Who allowed Clodius to become a plebeian?
|
Caesar
Clodius -> Claudius |
|
|
In what year was Claudius a tribune?
|
58BC
|
|
|
What did Pompey want in 60BC? Who was against this and why?
|
Power
Status Ratification of Eastern Settlement land for his veterans for them to retire Legitimate demands but the optimates thought that Pompey only cared about himself |
|
|
What did Crassus want in 60BC?
|
Allies
Acceptance from politicians to get involved in politics Tax rebate for equites in Asia |
|
|
In what year was the First Triumvirate?
|
60BC
|
|
|
Who was in the First Triumvirate?
|
Crassus, Caesar and Pompey
|
|
|
In what year was Caesar consul?
|
59BC
|
|
|
Why was it difficult for Caesar to be a candidate for consul?
|
He was in Spain at the time and if he crossed the city boundary he would lose his triumph and the right to be a candidate because you have to be present at the forum to stand for consul.
Caesar asked the Senate if it would be ok for him not to be present and still be a candidate but Cato filibustered so that the meeting had to be adjourned. |
|
|
Why was Caesar's triumph in Spain important?
|
Would help him become a successful candidate for consul but he backed it down..
|
|
|
Who was co-consul with Caesar in 59BC?
|
Bibulus
|
|
|
When and what was Caesar's agrarian bill? Who did this please?
|
lex agraria provided settlements and farms for Pompey's veterans in 59BC during Caesar's consulship and shortly after the First Triumvirate was formed.
Pompey |
|
|
How did Caesar please Crassus in 59BC?
|
Reduced Asian farmers' contracts by a third
|
|
|
Which province did the Senate promise Caesar after his consulship? Was Caesar happy? What did he do?
|
"woods and paths of Italy"
Caesar wanted Gaul and Illyricum for five years instead - he got them. |
|
|
What happened in May 59BC which made the First Triumvirate known?
|
Pompey married Caesar's daughter Julia signifying an alliance
|
|
|
When and where did Crassus die?
|
53BC
Battle of Carrhae against Parthia |
|
|
When and where did Pompey die?
|
48BC
Egypt |
|
|
In what year was Clodius adopted into a plebeian family?
|
59BC
|
|
|
In what year did the First Triumvirate become weaker and why?
|
53BC
Crassus died in battle of Carrhae Julia (Caesar's daughter/Pompey's wife) died in childbirth |
|
|
In what year was Cicero exiled?
|
58BC
|
|
|
When was Cicero's propaganda and what did he do?
|
60BC
He published all of his speeches in an effort to boast and glorify his consulship |
|
|
When was the Second Triumvirate?
|
43BC
|
|
|
Who was in the Second Triumvirate?
|
Antony, Lepidus and Octavian
|
|
|
When was the Conference at Luca?
|
56BC
|
|
|
When did Cicero return from exile?
|
4 August 57BC
|
|
|
Why didn't Cicero accept joining the 1st Triumvirate by Caesar?
|
Went against Concordia ordinum
Alliance allowed Triumvirs to completely dominate Roman politics Unconstitutional |
|
|
How did Cicero's exile affect Cicero politically and personally?
|
Humiliated him and his reputation
Overwhelmed by despair and self pity Feels sorry for his family who are now poor He had gone from being "father of his country" to an outlaw |
|
|
What law did Clodius propose whilst a tribune in 58BC which resulted in Cicero's exile?
|
"any man who had ever executed a Roman citizen without trial should be forbidden fire and water"
|
|
|
How far away did Cicero have to be for his exile?
|
About 400 miles away from Rome -> further than Sicily.
|
|
|
When did Pompey recall Cicero from exile? Why was he successful?
|
Previous attempts were made (by Piso) but vetoed by tribune Clodius. His tribune term expired in 57BC and so this is when Pompey asked for Cicero back.
|
|
|
What meeting happened on 4 August 57BC and what was the significance of it?
|
Bill for Cicero being called back from exile.
Senate declared that anyone who hindered to vote would be declared a public enemy. |
|
|
How was Cicero welcomed after returning from exile?
|
Met Tullia his daughter in Brundisium. It was her birthday. Reunited with family.
People flocked to him with applause and congratulations like a triumphant hero. |
|
|
How was Cicero humiliated after being called out to exile?
|
House on Paltine burnt
Villas looted, art taken Shrine to Liberty built where his house once stood which could not be reversed because it was now a sacred site. |
|
|
What was Cicero's speech about after his return from exile?
|
Thanks to Pompey for helping him return
Hate towards Piso and Gabinius who were consuls of 58BC during Cicero's exile who did not do anything to help Cicero. |
|
|
What speech did Cicero make in June 56BC?
|
Palinode
|
|
|
When was the Palinode and what was it about?
|
June 56BC
Supported Caesar |
|
|
How did Cicero restore his house after returning from exile?
|
annulled Clodius' shrine of Liberty to avoid sacrilege
|
|
|
Name three people who Cicero was forced to defend between 56 and 54 to make peace with the Triumvirates
|
Balbus
Vatinius Gabinius (ex-consul of 58BC) |
|
|
Name three measures passed by Clodius during his tribunate in 58BC
|
Free grain dole
Catos' annexation of Cyprus Cicero's exile |
|
|
When and where did Clodius die?
|
Battle of Bovillae in 52BC
|
|
|
When was Cicero governor and where?
|
51-50BC in Cilicia
|
|
|
What were Cicero's feelings on his governorship?
|
Did not like being away from all of the action in Rome
Felt that his talents were being wasted Bored |
|
|
Why was Cicero seen as fair and kind during his Governorship of Cilicia in 51-50BC?
|
cut his own expenses and those of his staff to the bone
did not exploit govern |
|
|
What threats did Cicero have during his governorship of Cilicia in 51-50BC and what tactics did he use to help resolve this?
|
Threat of Parthian invasion
Cicero used Cilicia's mountainous frontier as security. Cassius' plan really but Cicero took most of the credit -> unprincipled Cicero earnt title of imperator |
|
|
When was Pompey's sole-consulship?
|
52BC
|
|
|
When and how much was Cicero's loan from Caesar?
|
800,000 sesterces
during Cicero's governorship in Cilicia in 51BC paid off days after Cicero's return during civil war |
|
|
Who came with Cicero when he went to Cilicia?
|
Marcus
two Quinti freedman Tiro |
|
|
Who was the predecessor of governing Cilicia? Was he popular?
|
Appius Claudius Pulcher - brother of Clodius
NO! -> imposed very high tax polls leaving "wounds" among all the citizens (debts) |
|
|
Example of Cicero being humble and principled during his governorship in Cilicia
|
forbade statues and temples from being "donated in his honour".
|
|
|
Why did Cicero want to remain on good terms with Appius during his governorship?
|
Appius' daughter was married to Pompey
Didn't want more hostility from Clodius' family |
|
|
Who was Tullia's first husband and when did he die?
|
Piso
Died when Cicero returned from exile |
|
|
Who was Tullia's second husband and why did they split?
|
Furius Crassipes
divorced |
|
|
Who was Tullia's third suitor, why did this leave Cicero in an awkward position?
|
Publius Cornelius Dolabella
He was the prosecutor of Appius, whom Cicero was trying to be on good terms with during Cicero's governorship. |
|
|
How did Cicero act irresponsibly at the end of his governorship?
|
Left his province before his successor had arrived to take over command.
However, there was no immediate threat from the Parthians at this time. |
|
|
What is the term for nominating yourself not in person - done by Caesar for getting the consulship in 49BC?
|
in absentia
|
|
|
Why did the relationship between Pompey and Caesar weaken in 50BC?
|
Pompey had passed a contradictory law prohibiting candidature in absentia which Caesar wanted for consulship.
|
|
|
In 50BC what bill did Curio (tribune) propose just before Cicero had returned from exile?
|
Pompey and Caesar should surrender their provincial commands at the same time - even though over 300 senators in favour those who voted against were powerful and so the bill was vetoed
|
|
|
What letter did Caesar read out to the senate on 1 January 49BC? What was he consequences of this?
|
Unless Pompey stood down as Curio's proposal had suggested he would come from Gaul and take revenge for himself...
Unless Caesar gave up command he would be called a public enemy and so he thought that war was the only way to solve it all. |
|
|
Where was the Rubicon?
|
River dividing Gaul and Italy
Caesar marched through with his army on 11 January 49BC |
|
|
When and why did Pompey evacuate from Italy after Caesar crossed the Rubicon?
|
17 January 49BC for Apulia
Avoid bloodshed - he did not have sufficient troops at hand to fight off Caesar Forgot to take money from treasury leaving it all at the hands of Caesar! |
|
|
Who were the two tribunes in 49BC who left with Caesar to prepare for his attack?
|
Mark Antony
Quintus Cassius Longinus |
|
|
On what day did the consuls and magistrates leave Rome during the civil war?
|
18th Jan 49BC
|
|
|
When did Tullia join Cicero at Formiae during the civil war?
|
Feb 49BC
|
|
|
When did Pompey set sail across the Adriatic during civil war?
|
17 March 49BC
Joined his forces in Dyrrachium |
|
|
When did Cicero join Pompey during the civil war?
|
7th June 49BC
in Greece (Dyrrachium,) |
|
|
When did Caesar surprisingly visit Cicero during the civil war? Where?
|
28th March 49BC
in Cicero's villa in Formiae where Tullia was with him. |
|
|
When did Cicero return to Brundisium after being in Dyrrachium during the civil war?
|
October 48BC
|
|
|
When was Pompey murdered in Egypt?
|
28th Aug 58BC
|
|
|
When and where did Caesar's troops defeat the Pompeians?
|
9th August 58BC in Pharsalus
|
|
|
When was Cicero pardoned for being an ally of Pompey and allowed to return to Rome?
|
September 47BC
|
|
|
When did Cicero and Terentia divorce?
|
46BC
|
|
|
When did Tullia and Dolabella divorce?
|
46BC
|
|
|
When did Tullia die?
|
45BC
|
|
|
Who was called Caesar's heir?
|
Octavian
|
|
|
Who was Cicero's second wife?
|
Publilia
|
|
|
Who was Octavian?
|
Great nephew of Caesar
declared as Caesar's heir after Caesar's assasination |
|
|
Who was Mark Antony?
|
Antony's mother's cousin was Caesar
co-consul with Caesar enemy of Cicero target of Philippic speeches |
|
|
What did Antony say about Cicero on 19th September 44BC
|
Cicero was involved in Caesar's assassination plot.
|
|
|
Why did people hate Caesar during the civil war?
|
symbol of anti-republicanism
upheld autocracy like a king, people hated monarchy dictatorship, not a republic |
|
|
Who believed that Caesar's assassination was an act of liberation?
|
Cicero
|
|
|
What did Brutus and Cassius fail to do?
|
Create a back-up plan foreseeing any repercussions
|
|
|
Why was Caesar loved by the people?
|
Rome had been relatively free from poverty
Held lavish banquets and games paid soldiers beter |
|
|
Who was left as sole-consul after Caesar's death
|
Mark Antony
|
|
|
when was Caesar's consulship in perpetuo?
|
44BC
5th consulship |
|
|
How old was Octavian in 44BC?
|
19
|
|
|
What happened after Caesar's death?
|
Exhilaration turned into despair
Liberators took refuge on Capitoline hill. Cicero visited Brutus and Cassius that evening and told them to take over the senate but they wanted to side with Antony who had a superior support base. Antony went into hiding for he, as consul, thought he was also a target. |
|
|
What happened on the 17th March 44BC?
|
Cicero acted as a mediator and reached a compromise meaning that the liberators were not prosecuted because it had been performed by patriotic citizens. In exchange, all of Caesar's decrees would not be repealed.
|
|
|
What happened at Caesar's funeral
|
Hostility broke out
Riots broke out and attacked homes of assassins. |
|
|
What was within Caesar's will?
|
left 300 sesterces to every citizen and made his gardens public for crowds to enjoy.
|
|
|
What was the First Philippic?
|
Speech against Antony exposing how he was sliding towards autocracy.
Antony was using forgeries of Caesar's papers to put forward his own decrees because he knew they couldn't be repealed. Antony also supposedly stole 700 million sesterces to bribe everyone in the senate to like him. |
|
|
When and where did Cicero go after Caesar's assassination?
|
6 August 44BC
Greece to visit his son |
|
|
When was the 1st Philippic?
|
2 September 44BC
|
|
|
How did Cicero view himself during the Philippics?
|
Last fight to make up for years of frustration and humiliation to defend his political system.
Cicero believed that he had saved the Republic for a second time. |
|
|
What is the outcome of the Philippics?
|
Antony is declared a public enemy
|
|
|
How many Philippics were there?
|
14
|
