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239 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who is was the first moderator of GA
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jack williamson |
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who ws the first clerk of GA
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morton smith
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where was first presbytery
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briarwood presbytery birmingham alabama |
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goals of fellowship of st james
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reunificition with northern church world council and national council of churches |
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mission statement
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obeyed great commision true to the scriptures true to the reformed faith |
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what was the journal
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putting a published list of the concerns (led by laity) |
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concerned presbyterians
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putting a published list of the concerns (led by laity)
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goal of presyb evange fellowship
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healthy alt to missions arm |
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goal of presby church united |
rallies, informing membesr in the pews |
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Book of Concord
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1580 10 different confessions Lutheran
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Formula of Concord |
1577 Chemnitz and Andreae United Lutherans after death of Luther Lutheran |
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Augsburg Confession |
1530 Luther/Melancthon Summary of faith for Charles V Lutheran
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Athanasian Creed |
4th/5th Doctrine of Trinity
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Belgic Confession |
1566 De Bres 37 Articles Dutch
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2nd Helvetic Confession |
1566 Bullinger
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Savoy Declaration
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1658 Owen Congregational form of WCF Congregationalist
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London Baptist Confession of Faith
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1689
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Nicea
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325 Arius condemned/Homousious
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Synod of Orange
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529 Upholds Augustinian view that grace has primacy in salvation contra Semi-Pelagianism
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Edict of Milan
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313 Ended Persecution of Christians
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Synod of Dort
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1618-19 Arminians condemned
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Supremacy Act
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1534 England's Break from Rome
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Marbug Colloquy
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1529 Attempt to unite German and Swiss Reformers Failed because of consubstantiation
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Council of Trent
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1545-1563
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Diet of Worms
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1521 Luther refuses to recant
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Vatican II |
1962-5 Liturgical, theogolical development in Catholic church
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Auburn Affirmation
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1924 Denied need for ministers to affirm "fundamentals"
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Barmen Declaration |
1934 Opposed Nazis
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Vatican I
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1869 Papal infallibility
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Great Awakening
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1725-1760 Series of revivals spurred by Edwards and Whitefield
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2nd Great Awakening
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1790-1840 Revivals spurred by Finney
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Babylonian Captivity
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1348 Pope "exiled" to Avignon
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Westminster Assembly
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1643-1652
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First Crusade
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1095-99
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Solemn League and Covenant
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1643 Religious agreement b/w Scotland and England
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Great Schism
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1054 Split b/w Eastern and Western church
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Council of Nicea II
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787 Iconoclast
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Constantinople
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381 Nicea reaffirmed, divinity of HS, Apollinarius condemned
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Ephesus |
431 Condemnation of Nestorius
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Chacledon
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451 Condemnation of Eutyches 2 natures one person
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Blaise Pascal
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17th Italian Janist
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Moses Amyrault
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17th French Calvinist
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Samuel Rutherford
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17th Scot Lex Rex
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William Laud
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17th Anglican Persecution of Puritans, imposed liturgy in Scotland
William Laud (7 October 1573 – 10 January 1645) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism. This and his support for King Charles I resulted in his beheading in the midst of the English Civil War. |
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William Ames
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16-17th English Puritan Morrow of Theology
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Francis Gomar
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17th Opposed Arminius Calvinist
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Francis Turretin
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17th Italian Scholastic
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Andrew Melville
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16th-17th
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John Knox
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16th Scot Book of Confessions
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Robert Bellarmine
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16-17th Italian Jesuit Argued against protestants
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Lilo & Fausto Sozzini
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16th Italian Socinianism Questioned divinity of Christ/Rationality
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Theodore Beza |
16th French Calvinist Successor to Calvin/Huguenot movement
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Loyola Ignatius |
16th Spanish Catholic Founded Jesuits, Wrote Spiritual Exercises
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Martin Chemnitz
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16th German Lutheran Author of Formula of Concord/scholasticism |
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Philip Melanchthon
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16th German Lutheran Successor of Luther/Marburg Colloquy/author of Augsburg Confession |
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John Tetzel
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15-16th German Catholic (Dominican) Seen as proponent of clergy abuses
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Thomas Muntzer
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16th German Anabaptist Peasant's War |
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Thomas Cartwright
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16th English Puritan Opposed Elizabeth I |
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Charles Fuller
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20th American Baptist Founded Fuller Sem |
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Bishop Usher
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17th Irish Anglican; Genealogies |
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Shaeffer
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20th American Presbyterian; L'Abri |
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Lewis Sperry Chafer
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20th American Congregational; Founded DTS |
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Albert Schweitzer
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20th German Lutheran Quest for the Historal Jesus/Eschatalogical Jesus |
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C. S. Lewis
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20th English Anglican; Narnia/Mere Christianity, etc. |
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Harry Emerson Fosdick
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20th American Baptist; Pushed for Liberalism/opposed fundamentalism |
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Karl Rahner
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20th German Catholic; most important RC theologian in 20th cent.; "Foundations of the Christian Faith" - involved in Vat II |
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Reinhold Niebur
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20th American German Evangelical; "Social Gospel"; opposed capitalistic excess, KKK |
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Rudolph Bultmann
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20th German Lutheran; demyth NT/Father of Form Criticism/separated history and faith |
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Karl Barth
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20th German Swiss Reformed Opposed Hitler/most important 20th Protestant theologian/Church Dogmatics/Der Römerbrief |
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Cornelius Van Til
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20th American Presbyterian Helped establish WTS/Apologetics/Presuppostionalism |
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J. Gresham Machen
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20th American Presbyterian "Christianity and Liberalism"/Started WTS, OPC |
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Charles Augustus Briggs
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19th/20th American (UVA grad) Presbyterian Hebrew Scholar/BDB/Taught at Union Seminary/Was suspended by Pres Church for Heresy (Liberal views on innerancy) and became Episcopal |
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BB Warfield
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19th/20th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton Seminary/defended innerrancy/prolific writer/advocated cessationism
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William Ellery Channing
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19th American Unitarian Defined "Unitarian Christianity" (liberal movement w/in congregationalism)
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John Henry Newman
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19th English Anglican convert to RC Part of "Oxford Movement" (high church movement w/in Anglicanism)/worked to united COE with RC/Became RC Cardinal
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Charles Haddon Spurgeon
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19th English (Reformed) Baptist Metropolitan Tab Preacher in London/Taught Calvinism/"Prince of Preachers"
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Abraham Kuyper
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19th/20th Dutch Calvinist/Dutch Reformed Developed "Neo-Calvinism"/Christ as Lord of Culture/Prime Minister |
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Albrecht Ritschl
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19th German German Evangelical Denies justice and wrath, subst atonement/deconstructed authorship of synoptics |
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Friedrich Schleiermacher
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18th/19th German Reformed Rejected historic Christianity, father of modern liberalism (opposed later by Barth).
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Charles Hodge
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19th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton (before Warfield)/Defended Calvinism, Inerrancy/Wrote Systematic Theology
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James Thornwell
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19th American Presbyterian (Southern) Purges S. Carolina College of liberalism/Promoted "spirituality of church" (i.e. opposed Christian abolitionists)/Founder of Southern Presby Church/Debated Hodge
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Robert Dabney
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19th American Presbyterian Defended Calvinism/Fought w/Jackson/Taught at Union |
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Thomas Chalmers
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19th Scot Presbyterian 1st moderator of Free Church of Scotland/deep concern for social issues/
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William Carey
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18th/19th English Anglican, then Baptist Baptist Missionary Society/Missionary in India/24 bible translations
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Archibald Alexander
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18th/19th American Presbyterian 1st Prof at Princeton/served as Principal of Princeton |
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William Tennent Sr.
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18th Scot Presbyterian Formed the Log College in America (forerunner to Princeton)
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Matthew Tindal
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17th/18th English Deist Famous deist, following Locke
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Roger Williams
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17th American Baptist Helped found Rhode Island/tolerance for religious diversity
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Oliver Cromwell
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17th English Puritan Military leader of anti-Royalist forces/Lord Protector of England |
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John Bunyan
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17th English Puritan Pilgrim's Progress/Grace Abounding.../Imprisioned for preaching
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John Huss
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15th Bohemia (Czech) Reformer of Catholic Church
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John Wycliffe
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14th/15th English Pre-reformer denied Transubstantiation/wanted bible in vulgar tongue. |
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Thomas Bradwardine
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14th English Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury/emphasis on Salvation by Grace/Cause of God against the Pelagians |
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Thomas Aquinas
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13th Italian Catholic Summa/reintroduces Aristotle to church/arguments for God |
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Peter Lombard
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12th Italian Catholic Important forerunner of scholasticism/"Book of Sentences"
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Peter Abelard
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11th/12th French Catholic Castrated/Scholastic/"Yes and No"/Moral influence theory
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Anselm
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11th Italian Catholic Ontological argument for god/Cur Deus Homo/satisfactionary theory of atonement |
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Columba
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6th Irish Catholic Missionary to Scotland/Monastery at Iona
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Benedict
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5th/6th Italian; Benedict's "Rule"/Monastic order/order and discipline |
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Athanasius
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4th Alexanderian Greek Father On the Incarnation/Black Dwarf/Opposed Arian/39th Festal Leter (set canon) |
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Jerome
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4th/5th Croatian Latin Father Vulgate/monastary in Israel
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Ambrose
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4th Bishop of Milan (Frank) Latin Father Opposed Arian/Helped convert Augustine/liturgist
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Moses Amyrault
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17th French Calvinist (4 Point Calvinist) Christ death for all, but effectual for elect. |
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Samuel Rutherford |
17th Scot; Lex Rex |
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William Laud |
17th Anglican Persecution of Puritans, imposed liturgy in Scotland
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William Ames
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16-17th English Puritan Morrow of Theology
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Francis Gomar
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17th Opposed Arminius Calvinist
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Francis Turretin
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17th Italian Scholastic
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Andrew Melville
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16th-17th |
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John Knox |
16th Scot Book of Confessions |
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Robert Bellarmine
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16-17th Italian Jesuit Argued against protestants |
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Lilo & Fausto Sozzini
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16th Italian Socinianism Questioned divinity of Christ/Rationality
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Theodore Beza
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16th French Calvinist Successor to Calvin/Huguenot movement
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Loyola Ignatius
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16th Spanish Catholic Founded Jesuits, Wrote Spiritual Exercises
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John Calvin
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16th French Reformer
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Ulrich Zwingli
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16th Swiss Reformer in Zurich/67 Articles
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Menno Simons
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16th Dutch Anabaptist "Founded" mennonites. Pacifism, etc.
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William Tyndale
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16th English Early Reformer/Translated bible in English/Killed by Thomas More
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Erasmus
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15-16th Dutch Catholic humanist "The Praise of Folly" (excesses of monks)/"On Free Will"
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Martin Chemnitz
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16th German Lutheran Author of Formula of Concord/scholasticism
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Philip Melanchthon
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16th German Lutheran Successor of Luther/Marburg Colloquy/author of Augsburg Confession
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John Tetzel
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15-16th German Catholic (Dominican) Seen as proponent of clergy abuses
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Thomas Muntzer
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16th German Anabaptist Peasant's War
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Martin Luther
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16th German Lutheran 95 Theses/Bondage of the Will
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Thomas Cartwright
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16th English Puritan Opposed Elizabeth I
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William Ellery Channing
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19th American Unitarian Defined "Unitarian Christianity" (liberal movement w/in congregationalism)
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Abraham Kuyper
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19th/20th Dutch Calvinist/Dutch Reformed Developed "Neo-Calvinism"/Christ as Lord of Culture/Prime Minister
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Friedrich Schleiermacher
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18th/19th German Reformed Rejected historic Christianity, father of modern liberalism (opposed later by Barth).
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Charles Hodge
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19th American Presbyterian Principal of Princeton (before Warfield)/Defended Calvinism, Inerrancy/Wrote Systematic Theology
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James Thornwell
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19th American Presbyterian (Southern) Purges S. Carolina College of liberalism/Promoted "spirituality of church" (i.e. opposed Christian abolitionists)/Founder of Southern Presby Church/Debated Hodge
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Robert Dabney
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19th American Presbyterian Defended Calvinism/Fought w/Jackson/Taught at Union
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Thomas Chalmers
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19th Scot Presbyterian 1st moderator of Free Church of Scotland/deep concern for social issues/
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William Carey
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18th/19th English Anglican, then Baptist Baptist Missionary Society/Missionary in India/24 bible translations
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Archibald Alexander
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18th/19th American Presbyterian 1st Prof at Princeton/served as Principal of Princeton
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William Tennent Sr.
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18th Scot Presbyterian Formed the Log College in America (forerunner to Princeton)
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Matthew Tindal
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17th/18th English Deist Famous deist, following Locke
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John Wesley
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18th English Anglican, then Methodist Founded Methodism/one of the first field preachers/Arminian/Holy Club at Oxford/Friend with Whitfield
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George Whitefield
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18th English Calvinist contemporary of Wesley/Greatest Preacher?/First great awakening/
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Jonathan Edwards
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18th American Congregationalist (Calvinist) Key role in great awakening/mission to the indians/President of Princeton briefly/Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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Oliver Cromwell
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17th English Puritan Military leader of anti-Royalist forces/Lord Protector of England
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John Bunyan
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17th English Puritan Pilgrim's Progress/Grace Abounding.../Imprisioned for preaching
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John Huss
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15th Bohemia (Czech) Reformer of Catholic Church
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John Wycliffe
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14th/15th English Pre-reformer denied Transubstantiation/wanted bible in vulgar tongue.
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Thomas Bradwardine
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14th English Anglican Archbishop of Cantebury/emphasis on Salvation by Grace/Cause of God against the Pelagians
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Thomas Aquinas
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13th Italian Catholic Summa/reintroduces Aristotle to church/arguments for God
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Peter Lombard
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12th Italian Catholic Important forerunner of scholasticism/"Book of Sentences"
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Peter Abelard
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11th/12th French Catholic Castrated/Scholastic/"Yes and No"/Moral influence theory
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Anselm
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11th Italian Catholic Ontological argument for god/Cur Deus Homo/satisfactionary theory of atonement
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Columba
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6th Irish Catholic Missionary to Scotland/Monastery at Iona
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Benedict
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5th/6th Italian Catholic Benedict's "Rule"/Monastic order/order and discipline
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Athanasius
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4th Alexanderian Greek Father On the Incarnation/Black Dwarf/Opposed Arian/39th Festal Leter (set canon)
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Jerome
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4th/5th Croatian Latin Father Vulgate/monastary in Israel
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Ambrose
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4th Bishop of Milan (Frank) Latin Father Opposed Arian/Helped convert Augustine/liturgist
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Augustine
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4th/5th Hippo (Africa) Latin Father Greatest theologian/converted to Xianity/City of God, Confessions
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Pelagius
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4th/5th English Latin Father Emphasis on human freedom/debated with Augustine/"Defense of the Freedom of the Will"
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Chrysostom
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4th Antioch (Turkey) Greek Father "Golden-tongue"/exegete of literal school/"On the Priesthood"
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Eusebius
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3rd/4th Caesarea Greek Father "Church History"/compromise with Arianism/politician
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Origen
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3rd Egyptian Greek Father Hexapla/Platonic/Commentaries
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Cyprian
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3rd Africa (Carthage) Latin Father Beheaded by Valerian/influenced by Tertullian
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Tertullian
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2nd/3rd Roman born in Africa (Carthage) Latin Father 1st Western father of Church/coined "Trinity", early orthodox views of trinity and incarnation/Became Montanist
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Polycarp
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1st/2nd Smyrna (Turkey) Apostolic Father "He has been faithful to me..."/Knew John/
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Justin Martyr
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2nd Palestine Apologist School of theology in Rome/Dialogue with Jews
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Irenaeus
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2nd Smyrna/Gaul Father of Catholic Theology Opposed Gnosticism/taught apostolic succession/"Against Heresies"
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Samuel Miller
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19th American Presby Book on office of ruling elder/founder of Princeton Sem
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William Tenent/John Witherspoon
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18th American Presby involved w/log college and Princeton
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Cotton Mather
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17th-18th American Puritan Involved in Salem Witch Trials/minister, prolific writer/Magnalia Christi Americana
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What were the major Issues surrounding the Schism in 1056?
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Who was Head of the Church
The dating of Easter Marriage or no Marriage for Priests Beards |
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Who was the first pope?
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Leo the Great
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Athenasius contru mundum
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Athenasius against the world
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What are the 4 Major councils? Who was involved and what was decided?
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COUNCIL OF NICEA
Date: 325 Action:The Son is of the “same substance,” homo-ousion, as the Father, not a "like substance" People: Arius, Athanasius, Alexander, bishop of Alexandria and Eusebius. Heretic: Arius COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE I Year: 381 Action: This council condemned the heresy of Macedonius by clearly defining the divinity of the Holy Ghost also confirmed Creed developed in Nicea and also condemned Apollonairanism. People: Gregory of Nazianzus and Greg of Nyssa Heretic: Macedonius and Apollonairanism. COUNCIL AT EPHESUS Date: 431 Action: this council condemned the heresy of Nestorius by clearly defining there are two natures in Christ (Divine and Human), but only one Person (Divine). Nestorius was deposed as bishop of Constantinople. This council also briefly affirmed the condemnation of the Pelagians Heretic: Nestorius COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON Year: 451 Action: condemned the heresy of the Abbot Eutyches, MONOPHYSITISM, which claimed that there existed only “one nature” (the divine) in Christ from the Incarnation onward. They affirmed Christ's two natures are unmixed, unchanged, undivided and inseparable. Heretics: Eutyches — Monophysites |
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DOCETISM
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Jesus body was only an illusion.
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ARIANISM (ARIUS)
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Christ is not eternal son of God. (There was a time when Jesus was not)
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NESTORIUS
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Christ is 2 persons (human & divine)
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APOLLINARIUS
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Christ lacked a humane (reasonable) soul.
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EUTYCHES
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Christ had 1 nature, half human half divine.
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GNOSTICS
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Have "secret knowledge"
Matter is evil, but spirit is good. |
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Marcion
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Thought God of the OT was evil and God of NT is Good. So there are two different Gods.
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Manarchism
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A Trinitiarian error which denies the personal distinctiveness of the Father, Son and Spirit, either by denying Christ’s full deity or by teaching that the Father, the Son, and the Spirit are the same person in different “modes.”
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What is the Renissance?
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It is a re-birth of learning
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Erasmus was a
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Humanist
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Guttenberg Press
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1440
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What was luther trying to do with nailing his 95 theses to the door?
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He was asking for a debate over selling of indulgences, addressing salvation and abusses.
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Who is William Farrel
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He brought Calvin to Geneva to set up a state church. The council and Calvin differed in the exercise of discipline. Calvin was exiled to Strausburg (momentarily) where he met up with bucer.
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Servutus
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A heretic whom Calvin wanted to show mercy too.
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John Knox
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- Exiled to Geneva where he sat under calvin. He then created teh first bible with study notes (the Geneva Bible)
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What is the difference between the puritans and Separatist?
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Puritans wanted to purify the church
Separatist wanted to separate from the church (Pilgrims) |
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Danger in Neo-Orthodoxy.
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- Naturalistic presuppositions. Losing grip on supernatural. Trying to compromise.
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Neo-Evangelicalism
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(More conservative than Neo-orthodoxy, Billy Graham)
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Anglican =
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Church of England ~ Episcopal is American version
39 articles in book of common prayer. |
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What is the difference between revivalism and revival?
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- Revivalism ~ Emotionalism, right music, etc. Man Center.
- Revival ~ True Holy Spirit conversion |
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Famous quote from Tertullian about Jerusalem.
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“What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem”
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5 Major Councils
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Council of Nicea, 325 AD
< Arian Christology condemned < Athanasius was victor. Council of Constantinople, 381 AD < Apollinarian Christology condemned < Cappadocias victorious Council of Ephesus, 431 AD < Nestorian Christology condemned Council of Ephesus, 449 AD < The “robber’s synod” Council of Chalcedon, 451 AD < Eutychian Christology condemned |
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Name the early Apostolic Fathers
(Apostolic and Patristic Periods) |
Clement of Rome (100 AD)
Ignatius of Antioch (110 AD) Polycarp of Smyrna (155 AD) Irenaeus of Lyons (202 AD) Tertullian (225) Clement of Alexandria (254 AD) Cyprian of Carthage (258) Origen of Alexandria (373) Ambrose of Milan (387) John Chrysostom (407) Jerome of Stridonium (420) Augustine of Hippo (430) Gregory the Great (604) |
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Division of Eras Church History
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31-100 AD Apostolic Period
100-500 AD Patristic Peried 500-1500 AD Medieval Period & Renissance 1500-1640 AD Reformation & Post Reformation Period 1650-1950 AD Modern Period 1950-present Postmodern Period |
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Famous theologians during Medieval Times (500-1500)
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John Wycliff, John Hus, Gregory the Great, Anselm, bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Peter Abelard
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Gregory the Great
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Gregory the Great (540-604)
• Gregory is the Pope whose papacy is generally considered the beginning of the medieval period • Is ranked with Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine as one of the four great leaders of the Latin church • He increased the authority and power of the papacy • Believed the Roman pope was Peter’s sole successor and was the supreme head over the universal church • Asserted political authority for the papacy • Had a deep pastoral and evangelistic concern |
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Anselm
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Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
Archbishop of Canterbury, was one of the greatest of all the medieval theologians • “Father of Scholastic Theology” • Gave first serious attempt to give a rationale for the atonement • Held to satisfaction theory of the atonement • Tried to establish the being of God on purely rationalistic grounds with his ontological argument • Encouraged Marian piety but opposed immaculate conception • Known for statement, “Faith seeking understanding” |
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)
Importance • Wrote mystical, theological and devotional works • Was the official preacher of the 2nd crusade • Helped heal papal schism of 1130 • Known as “the hammer of heretics” • Wrote hymns |
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Thomas Aquinas
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Thomas Aquinas (1225-74)
Major work • Summa Theologica (systematic presentation of Christian doctrine) • Summa contra Gentiles Importance • Most important theologian of the Medieval era • Said there were five proofs for God’s existence (including cosmological and teleological arguments) • Brought Aristotelian philosophy to Christianity • Argued for a close connection between faith and reason; nature reveals much about God’s existence and attributes (matters such as Trinity, though, must be revealed through special revelation) |
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William of Ockham
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(1280-1349)
Major work • Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Abelard Importance • Medieval English theologian • Held to nominalism • Famous for "Ockham’s Razor" in which he claims that hypotheses should not be multiplied endlessly. Thus, the simplest solution for a matter is better than complicated ones. • Had conflict with Pope John XXII • Believed in priority of divine will over divine intellect • Contributed to discussions of divine omnipotence • Influenced by Duns Scotus • Died of Black Death |
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Peter of Abelard
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Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
Importance • Philosopher, theologian, and teacher • Pioneer of medieval scholasticism • Held to moral influence theory of the atonement • Held to moderate realism—universals are concepts in the mind that have an objective Reality derived from a process of mental abstraction • Said reason plays as large a role as revelation and tradition in determining truth • Known for his tragic love affair with Heloise |
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John Wycliff
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John Wycliff (1330-84)
Major works • Summa de Ente (vindicated realism against nominalism) • Translation of the Vulgate into English Importance • Was known as the Morning Star of the Reformation because of his writings against transubstantiation and the pope • Denied efficacy of the mass as well as rituals and ceremonies • Saw church as predestined body of believers • Said salvation is by grace • Known as the author or inspirer of the first complete translation of the Bible into English • Known as Evening Star of scholasticism. • Was the last of the Oxford scholastics • Hus adopted his teachings |
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John Huss
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John Hus (1372-1415)
Importance • Early Czech reformer • Attacked clerical abuses and immorality in the church • Excommunicated by Pope Alexander V in 1410 • Held a blend of Protestant and Roman Catholic doctrines—argued against veneration of pope but accepted Purgatory; held to view similar to consubstantiation • Stressed preaching and a pure life • Was also a Bible translator • Was influenced by Wycliff’s ideas |
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Clement of Rome
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Clement of Rome (first century)
Major work • Epistle to the Corinthians (c. 95) Importance • Bishop of church at Rome • Wrote a letter to Corinth in the style of Paul; wrote against schism and revolt and called on the church to live a righteous life in the style of Old Testament characters • A possible companion of Peter and Paul |
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Ignatius of Antioch
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Ignatius of Antioch (35-107)
Major works: • Seven letters before his death in Rome Importance • Bishop of church at Antioch • Personal disciple of one or more apostles • Advocate of divinity of Christ and the incarnation (refuted docetism) • Urged Christians not to try to escape martyrdom by fleeing from Rome • First to use phrase, “Catholic Church” |
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Marcion
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Marcion (d. 160)
Major works • heretical canon • Antitheses Importance: • Heretical teacher who founded his own church; incorporated Gnostic elements into his beliefs—said God of Old Testament was different than the Father of Jesus • Came up with his own canon; accepted only Luke and the writings of Paul for his New Testament canon • Rejection of Marcion’s views led to the formulation of the orthodox canon |
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Justin Martyr
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Justin Martyr (100-165)
Major works • First Apology • Second Apology • Dialogue with Trypho Importance • Greatest of the Apologists • Wrote more concerning Christianity than any before him • First church father to explicitly identify the church as “Israel” • Related the Gospel to Greek philosophy • Emphasized on logos in each person that enlightens every man • Wrote about baptism as “regeneration” and mentioned the Eucharist • Martyred in Rome in 165 |
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Irenaeus
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Irenaeus of Lyons (130-200)
Major work • Against Heresies (defense of Christian view of salvation and role of apostolic tradition) Importance • Bishop of church at Lyons (modern-day France) • Considered the first great systematic theologian • Held to the doctrine of recapitulation—the atonement view that Christ retraced the steps of Adam and succeeded where Adam failed • Defended the faith against the Gnostics • As a boy heard Polycarp teach • Says Matthew wrote a Hebrew Gospel • Tells of an incident between the apostle John and the heretic Cerinthus |
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Tertullian
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Tertullian (160-225)
Major works • Apology (defends Christians from false charges) • Against Praxeas (Jesus had two natures in one person) Importance • Fiery Christian writer in Carthage, North Africa • Father of Latin theology • Laid foundation for doctrine of Trinity • Defended unity of Old Testament and New Testament against Marcion • Wrote works against heretics and exhortations to other Christians • Wrote many apologies • Rejected Greek philosophical thought • Around 200 came under the influence of a Montanist sect |
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Cyprian
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Cyprian (d. 258)
Major work • On the Unity of the Church Importance • Bishop of the church in Carthage during period of fierce persecution • The second most important Latin-speaking leader of the church after Tertullian • Important and influential in the area of ecclesiology; his views shaped the church’s ecclesiology through Augustine and the Middle Ages • Argued that the unity of church was Episcopal not theological • Condemned Novatian schism • Famous statements: “He is not a Christian who is not in Christ’s church”; “He cannot have God for his father who has not the church for his mother”; “There is no salvation outside the church.” • Important to development of the Mass • Was martyred in 258 |
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Clement of Alexandria
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Clement of Alexandria (150-215)
Major works • Protreptikos • Paedagogos • Stromata • Hypotyposes Importance • Christian teacher at Alexandria, Egypt • First significant representative of Alexandrian theological tradition • Positive approach to philosophy which he saw as a “handmaiden” to theology • Idea of Logos dominated his thinking • Origen was one of his pupils |
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Origen
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Origen (185-254)
Major works • On First Principles • Against Celsus (apologetic) • Fundamental Doctrines (Christian theology) • Hexapla Importance • “Father of Christian theology” and best Christian scholar of his time • Most prolific writer of pre-Nicene church (2,000 works) • Wrote doctrinal and apologetical works as well as commentaries • Known for unsound theological speculation and allegorizing • Taught a lesser divinity of the Son (Christology hierarchal, not well worked through) • Believed every creature would be saved (apocatastasis) • Was a pupil of Clement of Alexandria • Controversy with bishop in Alexandria led to his dismissal from church in Alexandria • Spent last years in Caesarea • Tortured during Decian persecution • Took Matthew 19:12 literally and became a eunuch for the kingdom of God; was an ascetic • Died at Tyre in 254 |
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Arius
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Arius
20 Nov 2004 Arius (250-336) Importance • Presbyter of church at Alexandria who taught that Jesus was of a different nature/substance (homoiousios) than the father. He also said Jesus was created out of nothing. Thus, “there was a time when he [Jesus] was not.” • His primary foe was Athanasius • His views were condemned at the Council of Nicea (325) but his views continued on. • Modern day Jehovah’s Witnesses have adopted views of Christ that are similar to those of Arius. |
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Athanasius
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Athanasius (296-373)
Major works • Contra Gentiles; • De incarnatione (argued that God assumed human nature in Christ) Importance • Bishop of Alexandria from 328-73 whose name became synonymous with Nicene orthodoxy • Defended deity of Christ and monotheism • Strong foe of Arianism • Brought about condemnation of Arianism at Council of Nicea (325) • Said Christ must be divine to save mankind • Argued for deity of Holy Spirit • Said if Christ was not divine then Christians were involved with idolatry • Exiled five times as a determined fighter for orthodoxy |
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Eusebius
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20 Nov 2004
Eusebius (270-340) Major work • Ecclesiastical History (principle source for history of church from first century until Constantine) Importance • Bishop of church in Caesarea during Emperor Constantine’s reign • Had a close relationship with Constantine • Related Constantine’s reign to the messianic kingdom |
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Basil of Caesarea
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Basil of Caesarea (330-79)
Major works • The Rule of St. Basil • De Spiritu Sancto • Adversus Eunomium Importance • One of the Cappadocian Fathers along with Gregory of Nazianzus and brother Gregory of Nyssa • Defended orthodox doctrine of the Trinity; He fixed the formula “one substance and three persons”; • Defended deity of the Holy Spirit • Attacked the Arian heresy • Introduced the idea of communal monasticism; founded a small monastic community in 358 |
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Gregory of Nazianzus
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Gregory of Nazianzus (329-89)
Major work • Theological Orations Importance • One of the Cappadocian Fathers • Helped clarify Trinitarian and Christological doctrines • His sermons were instrumental in defeating Arianism and establishing the Nicene confession of Christ’s full deity as orthodox • During Council of Constantinople (381) he was elected bishop of Constantinople • Held that the incarnation was necessary for salvation to occur |
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John chrysostom
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John Chrysostom (347-407)
Importance • Known for his preaching, scholarship and piety • Known as “the golden-mouthed” • Used literal and grammatical exegesis of Scripture |
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Theodore of Mopsuestia
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Theodore of Mopsuestia (4th cent.)
Major works • On the Incarnation • What is the Difference between Theory and Allegory Importance • Greatest interpreter of the Antiochene school • Argued for interpretation of Scripture that stresses a single consistent historical or literal meaning • Argued that the Logos assumed a specific human being and not just ‘human nature’ in general • Denied the canonicity of several Bible books |
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Leo the Great
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Leo the Great (Leo I) (440-61)
Importance • Now known as the “pioneer pope” • Believed in a hierarchical church with everything converging on Rome • Believed in papal supremacy • Held to idea of plenitudo potestatis (plentitude of power) for the See of Peter where the pope as heir of Peter, ruled over the whole church • His teachings on the nature of Christ were adopted as orthodoxy at the Council of Chalcedon (451) • Persuaded Attila the Hun to stop a raid on Rome |
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Gregory of Nyssa
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20 Nov 2004
Gregory of Nyssa (335-94) Major work • Against Eunomius (refutation of Arius) Importance • One of the Cappadocian Fathers • Defended findings of Nicea at Council of Constantinople (381) • Refuted Arius and Apollinarius • Held to a clear distinction between the two natures in Christ • Held to Mary as Theotokos (God-bearer) • Worked out Basil’s distinction between ousia and hypostasis (individuality of each member of Trinity) • Adopted some of Origen’s thinking concerning universalism |
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Ambrose
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Ambrose (340-97)
Major works • De officiis ministrorum (Christian ethics for clergy) • Thirty-five treatises and ninety-one letters Importance: • One of the Doctors of the church • A foe of Arianism • Had a large influence on Augustine whom he baptized and instructed • Taught Augustine that it was legitimate to allegorize the Old Testament |
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Jerome
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Jerome (331-420)
Major work • Vulgate (Latin Bible) Importance • Biblical scholar and translator was the most learned man in the Latin-speaking church in the late fourth century • Brought best of Greek thinking to Western Christianity • Gave Latin Christianity its Bible • Argued for allegorical interpretation of Scripture |
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pelagius
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Pelagius (early 5th cent.)
Importance • Held that man is not born with original sin • Man has free will • Men advance in holiness by merit alone • Held that God’s grace is giving commandments to men (i.e. the Ten Commandments) • Views were condemned at Council of Ephesus (431) • Views opposed to Augustine’s positions • Lived for a time in England |
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Cyril of Alexandria
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Cyril of Alexandria (d. 444)
Importance • Known for his controversies with Nestorius concerning the person of Christ • Accused Nestorius of heresy because Nestorius insisted that Mary could be called Christotokos but not Theotokos • He condemned Nestorius at Council of Ephesus (431) • Saw a “hypostatic union” where humanity and divinity of Christ are viewed as two distinct, inseparable natures |
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Eutyches
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Eutyches (middle of 5th cent.)
Importance • Known for his views on the doctrine of Christ • Rejected idea that Christ had two natures. There were two natures before the incarnation, one after (monophysite); Jesus’ deity and humanity were fused into something different, a third substances (hybrid) • His views rejected by the Council of Chalcedon (451) |
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Erasmus
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Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536)
Major works • 1516 edition of the Greek New Testament • Diatribe on Free Will (1524) Importance • Leading Christian humanist of the Reformation • Advocate of reform through scholarly effort. He was the epitome of Renassiance Humanism. • Criticized the Pope and the Catholic Church for its corruption but did not advocate leaving the church as Luther would eventually do. • Encouraged Luther before the Leipzig debate and thereafter began to criticize him. Erasmus disagreed with Luther over the issue of free-will. • Rejected Plato's concept of the "Philosopher-Kings." According to Erasmus, philosophers would make the worst political leaders. |
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Francis Turretin
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Francis Turretin (1623-87)
Major work • Institutio (full expression of Calvinsim) Importance • Calvinist theologian • Proponent of orthodox Calvinism formulated at Synod of Dort (1618-19) • Institutio became a standard textbook for American Presbyterianism |
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Hugo Grotius
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Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)
Major works • On the Truth of the Christian Religion • Concerning the Law of War and Peace Importance • Dutch jurist, statesman, theologian, and historian • “Father of international law” • A leader of the Arminians • Held to a governmental view of the atonement • Wanted unity and restoration with Rome |
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Immanuel Kant
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Major works • Critique of Pure Reason (human reason) • Critique of Practical Reason (ethics) • Critique of Judgment (aesthetics) • Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone Importance • Most important philosopher of the Enlightenment • His approach to knowledge combined elements from both rationalism and empiricism; He said all of our knowledge of the outside world comes to us via our senses but the mind also contributes to our knowledge of reality. The mind processes the data • We do not know reality as it is in itself • Made a distinction between phenomena and noumena • Rejected all metaphysical knowledge (Kant bifurcated knowledge and put God in the upper story) • Rejected all metaphysical arguments for the existence of God, including the ontological, cosmological, and teleological arguments • Made a distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions • Applied the “categorical imperative”—“Act only on the maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” (moral oughtness) • The notions of God, freedom, and immortality were regulative principles; though indemonstrable they gave coherence to ethical thought and behavior • Grounded theology in morality instead of morality in theology • Christianity was a way of teaching ethics for the philosophically unsophisticated • Jesus was an enlightened moral teacher • Said Hume awakened him from his dogmatic slumbers • Held that enlightenment is man’s emergence from immaturity, man may think for himself without relying on some authority such as the Bible, church, or state |
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Mathew Tindal
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Mathew Tindal (1655-1733)
Major works • Christianity as Old as the Creation • The Gospel a Republication of the Religion of Nature (1730) (became the Bible of deism) Importance • Famous English Deist • Criticized alliances between church and state • Criticized traditional views of the Bible • Special revelation not needed for the rational person because all rational creatures have a law of nature or reason • Influenced Voltaire’s religious outlook • Advocated high-church Anglicanism |
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John Wesley
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John Wesley (1703-91)
Importance • Founder of Methodism and primary figure in the 18th century Evangelical Revival • Taught Christian perfectionism • Taught prevenient grace—grace between conception and conversion • Was basically Arminian • Held to two phases of conversion: (1) justification and (2) new birth and the process of sanctification • Son of Susanna and brother of Charles |
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Albert Schweitzer
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Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965)
Major work • The Quest of the Historical Jesus Importance • German theologian, medical missionary, and musicologist • Famous for viewing Jesus as an apocalyptic leader who was wrong about the coming of the kingdom • Rejected liberal view of Jesus as just a moral teacher • Said theologians were finding a Jesus who reflected them and their views • Was a believer in ‘the spirit of Jesus’ and emphasized ethics and discipleship |
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JG Machen
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J.G. Machen (1881-1937)
Major works • Christianity and Liberalism • The Virgin Birth of Christ Importance • Leading American conservative theologian and NT scholar • Stood for historic orthodox Christian truth • With Van Til and Allis, Machen resigned from Princeton Theological Seminary and founded Westminster Seminary in 1929 • His opposition to liberalism caused him to be kicked out of Presbyterian church • In 1936 he led the establishment of Orthodox Presbyterian Church |
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Emil Brunner
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Emil Brunner (1889-1966)
Major works • Nature and Grace: A Discussion with Karl Barth Importance • Swiss Reformed neo-orthodox and dialectical theologian • Along with Barth was a pioneer of neo-orthodoxy • Opposed liberalism • Unlike Barth, he accepted natural revelation • Held to a high Christology; accepted Chalcedonian view of Christ • Said God can only be known through personal encounter • Denied virgin birth and inerrancy • Was accused of promoting the doctrine of universalism |
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Karl Rahner
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Karl Rahner (b.1904)
Major work • Theological Investigations (20 vols.) Importance • Roman Catholic theologian • One of most influential theologians of the 20th century • Leading thinker behind Vatican II • Was a transcendental Thomist—said being is discovered not in external objectivity but in the subjectivity of a human knower • Helped popularize inclusivism • Believed in universalized saving grace • Said there are “anonymous Christians”–saved people who have not placed their faith in Christ; held that every human has the ability to hear God, thus there are saved people of different faiths • This dynamic impulse that orients all people toward the immediacy of God is called the “supernatural existential.” |
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Clark Pinnock
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Clark Pinnock (b. 1937)
Major works • A Defense of Biblical Infallibility • The Scripture Principle Importance • Major evangelical theologian of last third of 20th century • Primary evangelical proponent of inclusivism–Christianity is uniquely true but people of other faiths can be saved without explicit belief in Jesus Christ • Primary evangelical proponent of the Openness of God movement • Defended biblical authority and infallibility early in his career and then softened his position later in life • Views election as a corporate matter • Argues for annihilationism • Was a strong Calvinist but became Ariminian • Influenced by Schaeffer and lately has been influenced by Barth |
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Karl Barth
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Karl Barth (1886-1968)
Major works • Der Romerbrief • Church Dogmatics (when he died in 1968, volume 13 was unfinished) Importance • German neoorthodox theologian • Probably the most influential theologian of the 20th century • Exposed bankruptcy of liberalism; reacted against liberalism by claiming that God, not man, is the chief actor in salvation • Stressed God’s absolute transcendence • Used dialectical theological method • Held to the deity of Jesus • Held orthodox view of Trinity Soteriology • Viewed salvation as an objective event—Christ objectively wrought salvation for all people by his victory on the cross • Christ at his coming united the entire human race to himself; with his death the world’s sin was judged and in his resurrection the human race was vindicated • Justification and sanctification are the outworking of the covenant made in eternity past to bring all men to God • People contribute nothing to their salvation—faith, repentance, and obedience are manifestations of a finished salvation, not the means of salvation • All persons are elected to life in Christ; Barth said “The doctrine of election is the sum of the Gospel.” • In eternity past the Father determined that Jesus would be “elect God” and “elect man”; He is “elect God” in that he is the subject who would elect others; he is “elect man” in that he is the object of God’s election • Had a novel view of double predestination—on the cross God said “No” to himself as Christ bore the sentence of man’s rejection—at Calvary God said “Yes” to his son and the people in him • Rejected the traditional covenant of works; instead, through a single covenant of grace God entered into partnership with humankind to reconcile the race to himself • God’s grace is sovereign and irresistible; those who experience it cannot be lost • Barth laid the theoretical basis for universalism although he did not explicitly say this believing that committing to it would limit God’s freedom • Rejected penal theory of atonement, said by his incarnation and death Jesus Christ united humanity with his divine nature • Rejected natural theology—no grace outside of God’s revelation in Jesus Christ |
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CS Lewis
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C. S. Lewis (1898-1963)
Major works • Mere Christianity • The Screwtape Letters • The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe Importance • The best-selling Christian author of all time • His works are popular in Great Britain and the United States • Converted from atheism to theism in 1929; became a Christian in 1931 |
