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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is meant by the term magisterial reformers?
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The manner in which the Lutheran and Calvinist reformers related to secular authorities; such as, princes, magistrates, city council. The interdependence of the church and secular authorities.
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Who wrote Remonstrants?
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Arminius
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Who wrote On The Saving Works of Christ?
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Sozzini
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Who wrote the Anabaptist Confessions?
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Michael Sattler
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Who wrote Whether Heretics should be Punished?
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Theodore Beza
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Who wrote Whether Heretics are to be Persecuted?
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Sebastian Castellio
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In what way was Luther’s hermeneutic of reform regarding church organization and worship different from most of the other reformers?
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Luther believed that scriptural silence was permissive rather than prohibitive
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How often did Calvin want to celebrate the Lord’s Supper in Geneva?
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Weekly
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How often did Clavin have to take the Lord's supper?
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Four times a year
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What was the Consistory?
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Lay Elders and Pastors hear the cases on church discipline
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Why did the magisterial reformers favor infant baptism?
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It was the connection between church and state it was a way of being incorporated into the church
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What is TULIP and what do the letters stand for?
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The five points of Calvinism, Total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, and Perseverance of the saints.
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Who was Arminius and what was his position?
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Professor at University of Linden in Holland
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What did his followers come to be called?
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Remonstrants ;rejected some of Calvin's teachings they denied, Total Depravity, Limited Atonement, and Perseverance of the Saints
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What was the significance of the Synod of Dort?
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They make TULIP the official Calvinist doctrine
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What were the three approaches of the Radical Reformers?
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Anabaptists- idea of re-baptizers, their opponents grouped the 3 all together as "Anabaptist"; Spiritualists- receive direct revelations from God; and Rationalists-the reason was their authority they threw out the concept of the Trinity, skeptical of the idea of Virgin Birth.
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Who was the major leader of the “Swiss Brethren” in Zurich?
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Conrad Grebel 1498-1526
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Dirk Willems
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– Absolute commitment to following Jesus – While getting chased over an iced river the deputy falls in and Willems rescues him and then is re-arrested and then burned at the stake
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Hubmaier
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– 1481-1528 – “Truth is immortal” – Student of Johann Eck (disputation with luther) – leading theologian of the Anabaptists for his time, Believed that Christians could participate in govt – recants his views and agrees with Zwlingi at disputation
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Pilgram Marpeck
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- ?-1556 – Anabaptist theologian of southern Germany - Worked for unification among believers churches – Baptism is act of obedience not of grace – argues for separation of church and state – Viewed scriptures are the word of God but there is a difference between purpose of the OT and NT. OT foundation and NT is house – Pope, Luther, Zwingli were wrong.
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Menno Simons
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– 1496-1561 – Thought 2nd baptism sounded strange and began to search scriptures and could not find any support for infant baptism – Avoided any phraseology resembling a creed. Feared that would become more cherished than the words – Believed foundation of theology must be the Bible – followers became to be known as Mennonites.
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Michael Sattler
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- 1490-1526 - main author of Schleitheim Confession (early statement of Anabaptists) - arrested by roman catholics - he defends himself at trial.
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Flex Manz
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- 1498-1527 - 1st Anabaptist to die at the hands of Protestants; executed by drowning; he wanted to go beyond Zwingli's works.
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Conrad Grebel
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- 1498-1526 - baptized George Blaurock by pouring 1525 - immersed Wolfgang Ulimann 1525; wanted to go beyond Zwingli's works; escaped from prison, but contracted the plague and died; major leader of the Swiss Brethren in Zurich.
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George Blaurock
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- Burned at the stake in 1529; Baptized by pouring by Conrad Grebel.
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Who was the first person to be “re”-baptized in Zurich?
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George Blaurock by pouring
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What did the group of those baptized in Zurich come to be called?
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Swiss Brethren
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Which of these Swiss believers did not wish to be baptized “out of a platter” but wanted to be immersed?
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Wolfgang Ulimann
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Why were the Anabaptists persecuted?
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1)Code of Justinian forbade rebaptism. 2)Anabaptist disrupted the fabric of society. 3)Major issue is view of church-Church is a group of committed believers
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What was the major theological/philosophical issue that differentiated the “magisterial reformers” from the “Anabaptists”?
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They believed in Baptism by pouring
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What were typical characteristics of the “believers’ churches”?
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1)They baptized only adults-so membership in the church is voluntary 2)Strict discipline-practice of the ban (shunning) 3)Separation of church and state 4) Emphasis on the Authority of the NT-they wanted to restore the NT church 5)Congregations were more or less independent 6) Emphasis on missionary zeal
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Who produced the first English NT translated from the Greek?
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William Tyndale
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Generally speaking, what was the common desire of all 16th century reformers?
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A desire by all reformers to return to the Primitive Church.
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What title did the Pope give Henry VIII and why?
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"Defender of the Faith"; because he supported the seven sacraments
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What was the issue that caused Henry to separate from the Roman church?
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The church refusing to grant his annulment to Catherine
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What Queen of England was responsible for the burning of about 300 people?
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Bloody Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon
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What Queen of England was known for choosing the “middle way” religiously?
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Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boelyn
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What were the Protestant elements of the Anglican Church?
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Protestant Elements-break with the papacy, justification by faith, only two sacraments reduced from seven; and they were The Lord's Supper and Baptism
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What were the Catholic elements of the Anglican Church?
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Catholic Elements-authority of councils, episcopacy, liturgical form of worship
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Who was the great reformer of Scotland?
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John Knox
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Who was the first Protestant martyr of Scotland?
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Patrick Hamilton at St. Andrews University in 1528.
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Who was the Catholic Queen of Scotland who battled unsuccessfully against Protestantism?
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Bloody Mary
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What form did the reform in Scotland take?
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Civil War
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What church began as a result of the Scottish reforms?
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Presbyterian Church
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John Knox.
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1513-1572, Influenced by Calvin, Helps produce the Geneva Bible english version brought to America by the Pilgrims; survived a revolt and became a galley slave; founder of Presbyterianism.
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What king succeeded Mary in Scotland and what is his significance?
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James VI of Scotland, also known as James I of England, unifies England and Scotland
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What was the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation known as?
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Counter Reformation-Protestant View, Catholic Reformation-Catholic View
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In what 2 countries did we mention that Protestantism was basically wiped out as a result of this Catholic response?
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Spain and Italy
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Which Pope appointed a commission on reform in 1536?
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Pope Paul III
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A major feature of this Catholic movement was the strong quest for what?
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A more adequate and better trained clergy
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Who founded the Society of Jesus?
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Ignatius of Loyola
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What is the society of Jesus commonly known as?
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Jesuits
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Jesuits
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Officially recognized in 1540 for the purpose of the propagation of the faith.
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Which member of this group went to the Indies as a missionary?
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Francis Xavier
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What council was called in response to the Protestant Reformation?
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Council of Trent
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What were the obstacles to the council of Trent?
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1)Councils threaten the papacy 2)There was warfare between Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and France 3)There was a failure of the Papacy and HRE Charles V to get together on policy
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When did the council of Trent begin meeting?
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1545
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What were some of the doctrinal decisions that the council of Trent decreed?
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1)Set the number of sacrements to 7 2)Confirmed transubstantiation 3)Condemned Protestant views of the Lord's Supper 4)Approved the Apocrypha as part of the Catholic Bible 5)Mass will be in Latin and viewed as a Sacrament
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How many phases were there of the council of Trent?
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3
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What was the significance of the council of Trent?
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Decrees of Trent confirmed officially Roman Catholic Doctrine and set the doctrinal definitions of Catholicism for the next 400 years. Regulated education and the conduct of the clergy. The next council was called 300 years later.
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What was the common aim of both the Protestant Reformation and its Catholic counterpart?
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A large movement seeking to cleanse the church and return to the ideal church.
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Know about the Catholic Mission efforts.
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The 16th century the century for the reformation. Bartholomew de las Casas (1474-1566); The Missionary to Native Americans. argued that Indians were human beings and ought to be treated as such, 1510 he was the 1st priest ordained in the New World. "The great obstacle to missions in the New World was the colonists themselves and their cruel treatment of the native Indians." Francis Xavier said the missionaries should spread their work all over the world. He was sent by the king of Portugal to India, he intended to return to Japan but, he died.
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Who were the Huguenots and why are they significant?
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They were French protestants who solidified and spread Calvin's position
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How long did the Thirty Years’ War last?
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Thirty Years
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What was the name of the ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire during the time of the Thirty Years’ War?
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Habsburgs
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How many phases were involved in this war?
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The Bohemian Phase (1618-1620)
The Palatinate Phase (1621-1623) The Danish Phase (1625-1629) The Swedish Phase (1630-1635) The Franco-Swedish Phase (1635-1648) |
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What were the two opposing alliances that were drawn into this conflict?
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Imperial Catholics and Protestant Princes
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What was the event in Prague that set off the war?
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Defenestration of Prague 1618
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In What battle in 1620 did the Catholics route the Protestants?
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Battle of White Mountain
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What is the progression of the War in terms of the relationship between religious and political motives?
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It started as a religious war but turned into a political war.
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In what year was a peace agreement signed that ended the war, what was the agreement called, and what was its significance?
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October 24, 1648, Peace of Westphalia, last of the "Wars of Religion", confirms the Treaty of Ausburg, each prince could determine the religion of his state
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What were the long-term effects of the Peace of Westphalia?
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1 Ends the political power of the Pope
2 Holy Roman Empire declines 3 Ends major "Wars of Religion" 4 Germany was devastated 5 Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists could live side by side - toleration. 6 Political developments set the stage for Europe to enter the modern world. 7 Long lasting European Antipathy/Hostility toward Christianity |
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Generally speaking, what was the common desire of all 16th century reformers?
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The desire to return to the Primitive Church and Christianity
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Who was Bartholomew de Las Casas and where did he work?
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Missionary in Hispaniola to Native Americans
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Who became a great advocate for the native Americans?
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Bartholomew de Las Casas
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Of what group did Pope Paul III state that they were to “lay their bones in almost every country under the known world”?
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Jesuits
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Who was the Jesuit missionary who worked first in India and then later in Japan?
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Francis Xavier
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What were some of the revolutionary practices advocated by the Jesuits in Japan?
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Adaptation and Accommodation
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What happened to Christianity in Japan in the 17th century?
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Made great progress
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Matteo Ricci
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He was a missionary to China, was big into accommodation and adaptation; introduced clocks and maps into the Chinese culture; arrived Peking in 1600.
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What became the pattern of Jesuit missions? What problem did this lead to?
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accommodation; and it led to syncretism
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Roberto de Nobili
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He followed Ricci's example of evangelism in South India, he conducted a mission at Madurai, he had himself taught by a Sannyasi, a Brahmans caste, he used their culture and dressed like them . He opened a Hindu school and did not allow an outcaste to touch him, out of respect for the Hindu culture. he lived as a hermit on a vegetarian diet, he wrote in the Hindu language and composed christian poems which resembled the ancient Vedic hymns.
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