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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were Conrad of Waldhausen, Milič of Kroměříž, Matthew of Janov, and Tomas of Štítný and what was their desire?
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Preachers who taught the Bohemia reformation
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John Wycliff
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The morning star of the reformation- Scripture as highest authority- “the highest service to which man may attain on earth is to preach the law of God”
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Vaclav IV
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Emperor before his brother Sigismund
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Sigismund
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Emperor who retracted pass to Hus and had “the heretic” burned at the stake
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Nicholas Biskupec
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the Bishop criticized the Roman church for not following the Law of God. Wrote: Confessions and Defense of Tabor
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Jan Zelivsky-
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Hussite leader led the Radicals in 1419, he preached at St. Mary of the Snows.
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Jakoubek of Stribro-
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Began leading the movement after Hus died
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Charles IV-
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Holy R. Emperor- established first university in Europe- moved to Prague lead great reform
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John Hus-
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Lead reform (his followers called Hussites) Emphasized the scriptures as highest authority- burned at the stake- relied on Wycliffs writings and teachings
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John Zizka-
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Great crusades general- blind in one eye – gets other eye shot- blind in both eyes- never lost a battle when general- got plague and died- was replaced by Prokop Holy
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Petr Chelkiky-
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Taborite leader who kept the traditions of of the restoration going; accepted 2 of the 7 sacraments, which were Baptism and Communion. He said nothing could be added or subtracted to the "Law of God".
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Jan Rokycana-
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Leader of the Moderates; Gregory's uncle
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Milz Kromeriz-
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Preacher who taught in German and Czech- preached moral form- return to original Christianity- return to the Bible
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"De Ecclesia" Who wrote this?
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John Hus's greatest work
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"Confession and Defense of Tabor" Who wrote this?
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Nicholas Biskupec
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"On the Truth of the Holy Scriptures" Who wrote this?
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John Wycliff
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Who were the Waldensians?
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Named for Peter Waldes; they believed in Jesus' saying , give up everything and follow Jesus; the only medieval group that survived to the present.
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From whom did Wyclif believe men received their positions?
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God
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What happened to Wyclif’s body over 40 years after his death?
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Excavated, burned and sent bones down the river
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In what did Wyclif see the ideal church?
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Only Elders and Deacons were orders of the ministry of Christ.
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Who was the English reformer who rejected many of the teachings of the Roman Church and advocated Scripture as the highest authority?
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Wycliff
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Who were the Lollards?
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Followers of Wycliff
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Who was the “morning star of the reformation?”
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Wycliff
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Who wrote that “the highest service to which man may attain on earth is to preach the law of God”?
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Wycliff
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What was conciliarism and who were its leading advocates?
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Belief that the church could be governed by ecumenical councils; leading advocate was the Pope.
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What was the “Babylonian captivity of the Papacy”?
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The Pope was in Avignon France for 70 years
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What was the (2nd) Great Schism?
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When Clement VII & Urban VI were both Pope
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What were the 3 major councils during the era of conciliarism and what were the results of each?
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Pisa (deposed the two Popes and appointed another Pope, end result- three Popes).
Constance (Deposed two Popes, the third resigned, ended Schism). Basel (Elected unrecognized Pope, end of Conciliarism). |
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Which Pope finally ended Conciliarism for all practical purposes?
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Eugenius IV
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What was the great failing of Conciliarism?
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That at Constance the Schism was resolved, but Basel appointed an unrecognized Pope).
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What new force entered the scene for reform?
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Nationalism
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Who was the great Czech/Bohemian reformer of the 15th century who was burned at the Council of Constance in 1415?
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John Hus
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Who was the emperor who promised this reformer safe conduct and then retracted it?
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Sigismund
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Various Czech reformers, believed the church should be reformed/restored based on a return to what?
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NT early church
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What was the name of the famous chapel where John Hus preached his reforms to large crowds?
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Bethlehem
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What English reformer had a great influence on Hus?
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Wycliff
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What was the first university of central Europe?
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Charles University
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Who was the Great 14th century Holy Roman Emperor whose reign set the stage for reform in Bohemia?
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Charles IV
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Who was the weak son of this Emperor?
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Vaclav IV
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For Hus, who or what was the head of the Church?
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Christ
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What revolutionary practice did Hus approve shortly before he died?
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Communion in both kinds
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Who took over leadership of the movement after Hus died?
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Jan Jakoubek and later Jan Rokycana
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What became the symbol of the Hussites/Bohemians?
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“Truth prevails”
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What were the three separate groups that were battling for control in Bohemia in the 15th century?
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Loyal Catholics, Moderate Hussites, and Radical Hussites
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What did the “moderates come to be called?”
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Masters, Calixtines, Conservatives
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Who became the Moderates leader?
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Jan Jakoubek, and then Jan Rokycana
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What did the “radical” Hussites come to be called?
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Taborites
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Know the Four Articles of Prague and their significance?
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(These are what the Hussites wanted to see change in the church)1.Communion in both kinds (Hussites also wanted more frequent communion).
2.Free preaching of the word of God.3.Exclusion of the clergy from owning property and exercising influence in politics.4. Punishment of mortal or public sins. |
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What was the difference between the “radicals” and the “moderates”?
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Radicals- wanted even more reform than 4 articles wanted everything not in the NT to be removed.
Moderates- content on the 4 articles alone. |
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How many crusades did the Roman Catholic church send against the Hussites in the years 1420-1431?
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5
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Who was the great blind general of the Hussite forces?
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Jan Zizka
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What did Catholic and Hussite delegates agree to in the town of Cheb?
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Settle disputes based on the Law of God.
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Where was it that the Catholic delegates agreed that in controversial matters, “the law of God, the practice of Christ, of the apostles and of the primitive church, along with the councils and teachers who are truly based on it” would be “received as the truest and impartial judge”?
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Cheb
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At what battle was the power of the Taborites broken?
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Battle of Lipany
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Who defeated the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany?
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Moderates
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What was the basic position agreed to in the Prague Compact?
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Communion of both kinds in Czech
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What were the 5 revolutionary principles the Taborites preached on their mountaintop meetings?
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1. Abolish the right of the clergy to worldly wealth and power.2. Abolish the requirement of tithing, in hand with the responsibility of the people for supplying the necessary needs of priests.
3. Requirement of the priests to voluntarily surrender their worldly jurisdiction over land and buildings.4. Sufficiency of the evangelical law of Christ (NT) without the rituals of the (OT) and human innovations. 5. Avoidance of the evils of the clergy of the Antichrist and obedience only to the true Shepherd. |
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What does the term “communion in both kinds” mean?
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Communion in 1 kind- only clergy can partake Communion in both kinds- the laity could also partake; bread and wine
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What was the goal of the Taborites regarding the church?
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Restore the Catholic church
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Who was Petr Chelcicky, and what was his position?
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He was the new leader of the Taborites
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What group survived after the Taborites and carried on their theological legacy?
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Unity of the Brethren
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Who founded this group?
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Brother Gregory
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Who published the Greek NT in 1516?
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Erasmus of Rotterdam
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Who believed that the church could be reformed through education and a return to the primitive sources of Christian truth—the Bible and early church fathers?
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Erasmus
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Who published many of the Greek and Latin fathers of the church, making scholarly knowledge of the early church available to the reformers?
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Erasmus
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How did Erasmus influence the reformers?
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Wants reform through education. Placed importance in the bible, biblical languages, church fathers, and life through the spirit that is not nourished by external things.
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Know about Erasmus.
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+ From Rotterdam +Critic of the Church and of Luther +Publisher of the first edition of the Greek NT + Very reform minded +Very well educated + Ordained as a priest + Decided to become a scholar +Top writer in Europe.
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What are reasons for studying church history?
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Gain insight by learning how others have understood the Bible. Show the path of Apostasy (falling away). Understand the present religious world and how it came about. Learn how others dealt with similar problems. Help distinguish eternal from cultural.
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What are the four approaches of the Providentialists?
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Believe that God’s fingerprints can be spotted when studying history.1. Recognize that there is an irreducible complexity of human experience. 2. Believe that God does not leave us without some sense of what he is doing in the world and that as Christian historians we should be willing to talk about God in history. 3. Believe that Christian historians should try to identify God’s work in history. 4. Believe that this approach could explain human experience better than purely materialistic arguments can.
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What is the work of the theological historian?
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Remains to search for God's hand in history and to seek lessons from it for today's Christian community.
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When people talked about the church needing to be reformed in “head and in members” what were they primarily thinking about?
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The pope (Head) and the Clergy (members)
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By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times in organization?
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+Mon episcopacy- hierarchy- papacy +Clergy/ laity distinctions (laity- the common people in the church). +System of sacraments & indulgences +Pope vs. King
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By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times in doctrine?
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+Head- christ vs. Pope. +Predestination and inherited sin accepted. +Baptism by sprinkling or pouring. +Infant baptism. +Trinity defined. +Doctrine of purgatory. +Intercession of the saints. +Doctrine of Just war and Holy war. +Baptism disassociated with faith & repentance.
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By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times in worship?
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+ Images and Statues. +Instrumental music. +Less participation by laity. +Vestments worn by priests. +Lord’s Supper taken less often. +Lord’s Supper converted to Mass- reenactment of sacrifice. +Transubstantiation- bread literally body and cup literally blood. +Laity- could not drink the cup (Clergy only).
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By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times in life?
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+No longer viewed as aliens and strangers. +NO more missionary zeal. +Ethical demands of the gospel only for a chosen few. +Ritual more important than morality +Indulgences.
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What pope moved the papal court to Avignon, thus beginning the Avignon Papacy?
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Clement VII
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Approximately how long did the Avignon Papacy last?
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70 Years
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What nation dominated the papacy during the time of the Avignon Papacy time?
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France
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What caused the Great Schism of the the late 14th to mid 15th centuries?
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Clement goes to Avignon and the people want an Italian Pope so they elect one- now there is 2 Popes
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About how long did the Great Schism last?
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40 Years
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Who were the “poor preachers”?
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Lollards
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Who reached the conclusion that only elders and deacons were orders of ministry established by Christ?
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Wycliff
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Who was Wycliff’s “Bohemian counterpart”?
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John Hus
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In what languages did John Hus preach?
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Latin, German, Czech
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According to North, was Hus more concerned about moral reform or ecclesiastical revolution?
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Moral
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According to North, what was Hus’s greatest work?
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De Ecclesia
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Which friend of Hus was burned almost exactly one year after Hus?
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Jerome of Prague
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Who were the Moravian Brethren?
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The Unity of the Brethren
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Who was Gerard DeGroot?
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The Founder and leader of the Brethren of the Common Life
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What was the Brethren of the Common Life?
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Followers of DeGroot, inspired modern devotion, thought the clergy was evil, and wanted to purify the Catholic faith.
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What were the “Three Estates” of medieval times?
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Nobility, clergy, and commoners
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What was the great council that was called to settle the schism and instead resulted in 3 rival popes?
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Pisa
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According to North, for what 3 reasons was the council of Constance called?
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1. to end the schism and bring unity back to the church 2. to eradicate heresies specifically those of John Wyclif, John Hus, and Jerome of Prague 3. to reform the the corrupt morals of the church
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Who preached a sermon at the Council of Constance in which he pointed out the superiority of the council over the entire church?
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Jean de Gerson
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What pope, elected by the Council of Constance, rejected the superiority of the council over the pope?
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Martin V
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What is a Uniate church?
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Eastern Catholic churches in communion with the Roman Bishop
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Who published the first edition of the Greek New Testament, and in what year?
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Erasmus , 1516
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Erasmus believed the church could be reformed by what means?
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Education
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How was reform to be propagated according to Erasmus?
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Through discourse and persuasion
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In what ways did Erasmus influence the later reformers?
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Textus Receptus
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Whom did we include as magisterial reformers?
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Luther , Calvin, Zwingli
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What is meant by the term magisterial reformers?
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The manner in which the Lutheran and Calvinists reformers related to secular authorities; such as, princes, magistrates, city council. The interdependence of the Church and secular authorities.
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Who was the indulgence seller that caused Luther to post his 95 theses?
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Johann Tetzel
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Where did Luther post the 95 These?
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Castle Church of Wittenburg
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When did Luther post the 95 Theses (this date is important)?
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October, 31st 1517, All Saints Day
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Who was Luther’s opponent who led him in debate to declare that some of Hus’s views were Christian and that the pope and councils could err?
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Johann Eck
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What significant work did Luther accomplish while he was in hiding at the Wartburg Castle?
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Babylonian Captivity of the Church
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In what way was Luther’s hermeneutic of reform regarding church organization and worship different from most of the other reformers?
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Whatever Scripture doesn't forbid is allowed
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What was the decision reached at the Diet of Speier in 1526?
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Religion of fares for each region
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What was the decision reached at the Diet of Speier in 1529?
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Freedom of religion for the Catholics
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What caused the followers of Luther to come to be known as Protestants?
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Diet of Spier in 1529
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What is the official statement of the Lutheran position?
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Augsburg Confessions, 1530
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What was the decision of the Peace of Augsburg?
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Catholics and Lutherans, 1555
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What do the following terms mean: Sola fides, sola gratia, sola scriptura?
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Faith Alone; Grace Alone; Scripture Alone
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What three sacraments did Luther accept?
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Lord's Supper, Baptism, and Penance
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Who had influenced Zwingli’s “humanistic” approach to reform?
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Thomas Wyttenbach
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What did worship in Zurich consist of following Zwingli’s reforms?
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Scripture, Prayer, and Sermon
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How often was the Lord’s Supper celebrated in Zurich as a result of Zwingli’s reforms?
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Four times a year
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On what point were Zwingli and Luther unable to agree?
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The Lord's Supper
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What was Zwingli’s relationship to the “Swiss Brethren” or “Anabaptists”?
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Try to convince the magistrates with a slow change
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On what major point did Zwingli and the “Swiss Brethren” disagree?
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Infant Baptism
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Know about Erasmus’ connection with the Brethren of the Common Life.
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They influenced him in the New learning of school
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According to Chadwick, who more than anyone else lowered the European reputation of popes, clergy, monks, friars, and theologians?
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Erasmus
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Who were the theologians/philosophers who were skeptical about the power of human reason to reach true conclusions in the realm of metaphysics?
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Nominalists
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What approach was critical of philosophical inquiry, but rather utilized critical and historical inquiry?
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Unprofessional ideas of a less narrow of education
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About which two New Testament books did Erasmus question the traditional authorship?
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Hebrew and Revelation
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How did Erasmus feel about ceremonies and their relationship to being a Christian?
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He felt they were habits and the focus needed to be on emulating Jesus
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Why did Archbishop Albert of Mainz need to declare the sale of indulgences in the early 16th century?
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To raise money to erect the Church of St. Peter's at Rome
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What else was this sale of indulgences financing?
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Pay the Pope
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What was Luther’s experience in the “tower”?
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Romans 1:17, He saw the light, The understanding of God's righteousness.
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Who consistently protected Luther?
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Frederick the Wise of Saxony
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Fill in the blank: Luther wrote, “We are all_________without knowing it.
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Hussites
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In rejecting the notion that the church consists of the clergy, what did Luther believe the church to be according to the New Testament?
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The priesthood of all believers
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What was Luther’s “identity” at the Wartburg?
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Squire George
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What revolutionary steps did Melanchthon and Carlstadt take in late 1521?
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Gave the commoners communion of both kinds
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What unfortunate tract did Luther write during the Peasants’ War?
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Against the Rebelling Peasants and later Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
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Did Luther intend to form a new church?
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No
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Who was the primary author of the Augsburg Confession?
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Melanchthon
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Whose duty did Luther believe it was to reform the church?
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The Princes
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What moral issue greatly scandalized Europe and embarrassed Luther and Melanchthon?
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Polygamy
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In what year did the process of reformation begin in Zurich, and by what year was it complete?
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1523
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How dependent on Luther did Zwingli claim to be?
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He didn't claim that.
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What was the theological difference between Luther and Zwingli regarding what was permissible in worship?
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Luther said what is forbidden
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How did Zwingli view the sacraments?
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He said it signified the body, but Christ is in the heart
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What happened at the Colloquy of Marburg?
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October, 1529, try to get the German together with the Swiss
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Who succeeded Zwingli at Zurich?
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Calvin
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Who was the recognized leader of the liberal reform movement in Europe in the late 15th and early 16th century?
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Erasmus
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How was Erasmus’ position toward the Catholic Church different from Luther’s?
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Luther opposed and Erasmus stayed neutral
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What was the tragedy of Erasmus’ life?
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His works were put on the Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Books by the Council of Trent, after his death
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What caused Luther to decide to become a monk?
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A lightening bolt hitting a tree
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What document challenged the entire system of Roman Catholicism?
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Ninety Five Theses
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In what document did Luther use the principle of the priesthood of all believers to argue that the nobility had the obligation to reform the church if the church leaders failed to do so?
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"Address to the German Nobility"
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What did Luther attack in The Babylonian Captivity of the Church?
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Transubstantiation; and denial of the cup to the laity
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What 3 treatises are considered the heart and kernel of Luther’s Theology?
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Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Sola Scriptura
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What does North identify as 2 major events that occurred in the mid-1520’s which had great influence on the Lutheran developments in Germany?
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The Peasant Revolt and his marriage to Katie ending his celibacy
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Who does North identify as the most important of the 16th century reformers?
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Luther
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What was the difference between the “routes” Zwingli and Luther took to reformation?
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Luther was moral and Zwingli was scholarly
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What was the political difference regarding authority between the reforms in Germany and Switzerland?
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Germany and Switzerland were not unified but, Germany had princes over their territory; Switzerland's government was over its cantons
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Whom did Zwingli allow to make the final decisions regarding reform?
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Town Council
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